AP Euro Chapter 13 Vocab/Concepts

Christian humanists

• Aka Northern Renaissance humanists

• Wanted to reform the church

Desiderius Erasmus

• Lived 1466-1536

• Christian humanist

• Wrote Adages (has many wise phrases)

• Wrote Praise of Folly in 1511 (satire against the Church)

• Wrote Handbook of Christian Knights in 1503 (Christianity is more about morality than the practices of the Church)

• Translated ancient/early writings and corrected mistakes in the Bible

• Influenced Martin Luther

Sir Thomas More

• Lived 1478-1535

• Wrote Utopia in 1516 (about a perfect world with socialism)

• Criticized Church of England and was executed

Pluralism

A corrupt practice of the Church in which one person holds multiple positions

Absenteeism

A corrupt practice of the Church where a person holds a position but is not there or qualified enough to perform its duties

Martin Luther

• Lived 1483-1546

• Born in Germany and became a monk after God saved him

• Hated indulgences

• Wrote the 95 Theses

The Quickening Rebellion

• 1519 Leipzig Debate: Luther denies authority of pope and councils

• 1521: Martin Luther is excommunicated and summoned to the Diet of Worms, where he refuses to accept the Church (he is then warranted for arrest)

• Takes shelter in Saxony and creates a new church there

• Translates the New Testament into German

Peasant’s War

• aka Peasant’s Revolt

• Starts in 1524

• Luther condemns it for good terms with political authority, writing booklet “Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants”

Lutheranism

• Keeps only sacraments of baptism and holy communion

• Does not believe in transubstantiation (Jesus came from wine and bread)

• No predetermination

• Priests do not need to take an oath of celibacy

• Scripture is much more important than the Church’s traditions

Charles V

• Lived from 1500-1556

• Emperor of Holy Roman Empire

• Wanted all of Germany to be Catholic

• Defeated Pope and sacked Rome, taking control of lots of Italy

• Is distracted by Turks and French in Habsburg-Valois wars of 1535-1538 and 1542-1547

• Nearly crushes the Lutheran armies in the Schmalkaldic Wars of 1546-1547, but France swoops in in 1552 and they survive

• After the Schmalkaldic Wars, Charles is tired and gives power to his brother Ferdinand

• Dies in exile

Peace of Augsburg

Signed in 1555, allowing states to choose their religion

Ottoman Empire

• Empire in modern-day Turkey

• Took over much of Eastern Europe all the way to Austria

• Led by Suleiman the Magnificent

• Pushed back by Charles V after failed siege of Vienna

• Distracted Holy Roman Empire from Protestant Revolution

• Driven back by end of 1529

Schmalkaldic League

A league of Protestant groups that formed to resist the Holy Roman Empire’s power

Ulrich Zwingli

• Lived from 1484-1531

• Preached that music and art should be removed from the church

• Focused on scripture reading and prayer

• Discredited saints, pope, and celibacy

• Tried to make an alliance with Martin Luther at Marburg Colloquy of 1529 and failed

• Was killed in Swiss war of 1531 between Protestants and Catholics

Anabaptism

• Known as “The Radical Reformation”

• Pacifists who did not kill, even if attacked

• Did not participate in government

• All could convert and be baptized at any age

• Led to modern-day Amish and Mennonites

Reformation in England

• Happened because King Henry VIII wanted to marry another woman but pope took too long

• Act of Supremacy says king is the head of the Church of England

• Act of Treason says all who deny the king would be killed

• When King Henry VIII dies, his son is too young to govern by himself so his council sets up the Chruch like a Protestant Church

Queen Mary

• Lived 1516-1558

• Known as “Bloody Mary”

• Married a Catholic and returned England to Catholic faith

• Burned many Protestants

• Made an unpopular alliance with Spain

• Lost land in France

John Calvin

• Published Institutes of Christian Religion in 1536

• Influenced by Martin Luther

• Emphasized predetermination with profession of faith, participation in baptism and holy communion, and living a godly life as tests

• Calvinism replaces Lutheranism by mid-1500s

Predetermination

The idea that God chooses whether you will be saved or damned at birth

Effects of the Reformation

• Emphasis on family and education (to read the Bible)

• Many saint-related holidays and Church traditions were less prominent

• Many wars occurred

Catholic Reformation

• aka the Counter-Reformation

• Orders, mysticism, and monasticism returned

Society of Jesus

• Aka Jesuits

• Founded by Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)

• Order of the Catholic Church with absolute obedience

• Fought Protestants by establishing schools and killing them if necessary

Pope Paul III

• Ruled 1534-1549

• Reformed indulgences

• Called forth the Council of Trent

• Recognized Jesuits

• Created the Inquisition

The Council of Trent

• Created by Pope Paul III in the new papacy

• Consisted of both Catholics and Protestants

• Devout Catholics refused to compromise with Protestants

Pope Paul IV

• Ruled 1555-1559

• Strengthened the Inquisition

• Created Index of Forbidden Books

French Wars of Religion

• Went from 1562-1598

• Huguenots (Calvinists) vs Catholics

• Small overall (10%) but high noble percentage (40%) were Calvinists

• Ruling Valois monarchy is Catholic

• Guise Family creates Ultra-Catholics and persuades king to instigate Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• Occurred on August 23, 1572

• About 3,000 Huguenots were killed by the Guise Family

• Valois reputation was hurt

Edict of Nantes

• Signed in 1598

• Recognizes Catholicism as the official religion of France, but allows Huguenots to worship in peace in some areas

Philip II

• Age of Spanish political and cultural prosperity

• Strict policy of Catholicism

• Defends against the Turks with the Holy League at Lepanto in 1571

• Attacked England to make them Catholic and failed miserably (known as Spanish Armada)

Rebellion of the Netherlands

• High taxes and an attempt to crush Calvinism causes them to revolt

• Phillip II sends the Duck of Alva with 10,000 Spanish and Italian troops

• William of Nassau led the Dutch in their revolt, eventually winning in 1609 and becoming the first William of Orange

The England of Elizabeth I

• Anglicanism based on moderation and compromise

• Created her own Act of Supremacy in 1559

• Keeps Puritans in check

• Had her murderous sister Mary beheaded

• Supported the revolt in the Netherlands

• Raided Spanish ships but never went to open war

Womens’ roles during the Reformation

• Obey husband

• Bear many children (as punishment for Eve’s sins)

• Being married is now more honorable than a celibate nun