STS prelim

Nicolaus Copernicus

• Heliocentric Theory – The Sun is the center of the universe. 

• Contribution – Challenged church teachings; foundation of modern astronomy. 

• Copernicus idea was strongly influenced by a book entitled EPITOME published in 1496 by german author johannes mueller. 

Charles Darwin 

• Theory of Evolution – All living organisms evolve through natural selection. 

• Key Idea – Humans are part of evolution, not separate from nature. 

• Origin of species in 1589. 

Sigmund Freud 

• Psychoanalysis – Scientific method to study the human mind. 

• Id – Basic instincts and desires 

• Ego – Rational decision-maker 

• Superego – Moral conscience 

Science

Systematic study of the natural and physical world through observation and experiment.

India 

• Ayurveda – Traditional medicine system. 

• Astronomy – Earth is spherical; calendar system. 

• Mathematics – Advanced numerical concepts. 

China

• Major Inventions – Compass, paper, gunpowder, printing. 

• Science Fields – Medicine, astronomy, seismology. 

Middle East (Islamic Golden Age)

• Algebra & Algorithm – Developed by Al-Khwarizmi. 

• Chemistry – Jabir ibn Hayyan (Father of Chemistry). 

• Medicine – Ibn Sina; clinical trials and medical texts. 

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA 

• Geometry – Land measurement and architecture. 

• Astronomy – Lunar and solar calendars. 

• Metallurgy – Early metalworking. 

• Lebombo Bone – Oldest mathematical artifact

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES 

• Pre-Spanish – Farming, astronomy, tools, metal age. 

• Spanish Era – Schools, universities, modernization. 

• American Era – Public education, disease research. 

GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 

• Goal – National development through science. 

• DOST Programs – Scholarships, research funding, science schools. 

• Balik Scientist Program – Encourages Filipino scientists to return home. 

Science Literacy

Ability to apply scientific knowledge and process skills in real-life situations. 

SCIENCE EDUCATION IN BASIC & TERTIARY LEVELS 

• Basic Education – Teaches basic science concepts, process skills, critical thinking, and life skills. 

• Tertiary Education – Deepens understanding and appreciation of science ideas and scientific work. 

• Values Developed – Curiosity, creativity, love for knowledge, and innovation. 

• Government Support – Scholarships to encourage students to take science courses. 

Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)

• PSHSS – Government science school for gifted students. 

• Agency – Department of Science and Technology (DOST). 

• Goal – Train students for science and technology careers. 

• Scholarship – Free secondary education (RA 3661). 

Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) 

• SSES – Special curriculum for science-inclined elementary pupils. 

• Goal – Develop scientific knowledge, skills, and values. 

• Focus – Multiple intelligences, lifelong learning, holistic development. 

Quezon City Regional Science High School 

• Founded – 1967. 

• Focus – Science and technology. 

• Goal – Develop inquiry, creativity, and scientific talent

Manila Science High School (MSHS) 

• First Science High School in the Philippines. 

• Founded – 1963. 

• Focus – Science and mathematics. 

• Goal – Produce “scientists with souls.” 

Central Visayan Institute Foundation (CVIF

• Known for – Dynamic Learning Program (DLP). 

• Research Center – Research Center for Theoretical Physics (RCTP). 

• Focus – Physics and mathematics research. 

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

• Indigenous Knowledge – Local knowledge developed by early Filipinos for daily life. 

• Indigenous Science – Science based on culture, experience, and interaction with nature. 

• Foundation – Basis of early science and technology in the Philippines. 

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE 

• Knowledge, practices, and beliefs used in agriculture, medicine, and nature. 

• Key Feature – Learned through experience and passed down through generations. 

• Cajete (2004) – Includes philosophy, spirituality, and practical technologies. 

• Pawilen (2005) – Developed through interaction between society and environment. 

• Sibisi (2004) – Basis of astronomy, medicine, food technology, and metallurgy. 

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES (IKSPs) 

• Local knowledge passed orally from generation to generation. 

• Characteristics – Culture-based, environment-based, value-oriented. 

• Forms – Stories, songs, poems, traditions, and practices. 

Examples of IKSPs 

• Weather prediction using animals and stars 

• Herbal medicine 

• Food preservation 

• Seed selection and farming methods 

• Indigenous tools and irrigation systems 

• Soil classification 

• Wine and juice production 

• Backyard gardening 

CONCEPT OF INDIGENOUS SCIENCE 

• Uses Science Process Skills – Observing, classifying, measuring, problem-solving, predicting. 

• Guided by Values: 

• Land is life 

• Earth is “Mother Earth” 

• All things are interconnected 

• Humans are stewards of nature 

• Nature must be respected 

• Forms of Indigenous Science: 

• Ethno-biology 

• Ethno-medicine 

• Indigenous farming 

• Folk astronomy 

• Importance – Foundation of science and technology development in the Philippines.