Microbial Genetics Review

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts from microbial genetics, including definitions and explanations of essential terminology.

Genetics

The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.

Genome

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

Chromosome

A structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information.

Gene

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein or a functional RNA.

Genetic Code

The set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual organism.

Phenotype

The physical expression or characteristics of an organism, influenced by genotype and environment.

Mutation

A permanent alteration of the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

The transfer of genetic material between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction.

Vertical Gene Transfer

The transmission of genetic material from parent to offspring.

Transformation

The uptake of 'naked' DNA from the environment by a bacterial cell.

Conjugation

The transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct contact.

Transduction

The transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a viral vector.

Transposons

Mobile genetic elements that can move within or between genomes.

Auxotroph

A mutant organism that requires a particular additional nutrient that its ancestors could synthesize.

Frameshift Mutation

A genetic mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in a DNA sequence that shifts the reading frame.

RNA Polymerase

An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

Ribosome

A complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA and proteins that synthesize proteins in a cell.

Recombination

The process by which genetic material is physically mixed during cell division to create new combinations of alleles.