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IngGeo 214 Lecture Notes - 3 Plate tectonics - Plaat tektoniek
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1
Plate Tectonics
A theory that Earth’s lithosphere consists of ~20 distinct pieces (plates) that slowly move relative to one another.
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2
Pangaea
The supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras, which eventually fragmented into the continents we see today.
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3
Continental Drift Hypothesis
The idea that Earth's continents move relative to each other, appearing to drift across the ocean bed.
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4
Sea-floor Spreading
The process by which new ocean floor forms between diverging tectonic plates, causing continents to drift apart.
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5
Subduction
The process where one tectonic plate sinks beneath another into the Earth's mantle.
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6
Wadati-Benioff Zone
A zone of earthquakes that occur in a downgoing plate to a depth of 660 km.
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7
Accretionary Prism
A wedge-shaped mass that includes sediment deposited on the surface of a downgoing plate that gets scraped up during the subduction process.
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8
Volcanic Arc
A chain of volcanoes that forms behind an accretionary prism at a convergent tectonic plate boundary.
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9
Divergent Plate Boundary
A plate boundary where two tectonic plates move away from each other.
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10
Convergent Plate Boundary
A plate boundary where two tectonic plates move toward each other, resulting in one plate sinking beneath the other.
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11
Transform Boundary
A plate boundary where one tectonic plate slips past another along a fault.
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12
Hot Spots
Regions where a plume of hot mantle rock rises from just above the core-mantle boundary, causing volcanic activity at isolated points.
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13
Triple Junction
The point where three tectonic plate boundaries meet.
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14
Magnetic Inclination
The angle at which a magnetic needle tilts, which changes with latitude.
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15
Magnetic Reversals
Periods when Earth’s magnetic field flips, causing the magnetic poles to switch places.
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16
Paleomagnetism
The record of ancient magnetism preserved in rocks, used to study the historical movement of tectonic plates.
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17
Earthquake Belts
Narrow, distinct bands where the positions of earthquake epicenters occur, defining the locations of plate boundaries.
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18
Mid-Ocean Ridges
Underwater mountain ranges formed by tectonic plates diverging and allowing magma to rise and solidify.
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19
Fracture Zones
Narrow bands of vertical fractures in the ocean floor that occur at right angles to mid-ocean ridges.
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20
Coal Deposits
Accumulations of thick deposits of plant material in tropical climates that define certain climate belts on Pangaea.
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21
Fossil Distribution
The geographic occurrence of fossils which provides evidence for continental drift by showing how land-dwelling species were once contiguous.
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