Hesi Anatomy and physiology

homeostasis

body's maintenance of a stable environment

receptors

molecule or cell that provides information about the environment

control center (and set point)

indicates correct value (e.g. body temp)

effectors

What elicits a response that alters conditions within the body's internal environment. (e.g. muscles and glands)

negative feedback

When receptors measure deviations from the set point, effectors are activated and conditions are returned toward the set point and effectors gradually shut off. This movement toward homeostasis and balance is called .........

positive feedback

Homeostatic mechanisms that function when changes byeffectors move the body away from normal conditions, causing more changes, is called...... (examples are blood clotting and labor contractions)

organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Levels of organization

organelle

Cell components that perform a specific function

cells

Basic unit of structure and function

tissues

Groups of cells organized into layers or masses that have specific functions

organs

Structures that perform a specialized function (comprised of tissues)

Organ systems

Groups of organs that function together closely

Organism

Comprised of an interacting organ system

superior

above, or closer to the head

inferior

below, or closer to the feet

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the front

Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward the back

medial

Toward the midline

lateral

Away from the midline (closer to the sides)

Median (saggital) plane

Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into right and left portions

Coronal/Frontal plane

Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse (cross-sectional)

Imaginary horizontal line dividing the body into superior and inferior

Dorsal cavities (near the back)

Cranial and spinal cavity

Cranial cavity

Cavity that contains the brain

Spinal cavity (vertebral)

Cavity that contains the spinal cord and vertebrae

orbits, nasal, oral, thoracic, mediastinum, pericardial, pleural, and abdominopelvic (peritoneal)

Ventral cavities (near the front of the body)

orbits

Cavity that contains the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

Nasal cavity

Cavity that is divided into right and left portions by the nasal septum; air-filled sphenoid and frontal sinuses

Oral cavity

Cavity that contains the teeth and tongue

thoracic cavity

Cavity that contains the lungs (chest cavity)

Mediastinum

Space between the lungs that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

Pericardial cavity

Potential space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

middle ear cavities

Cavity containing the incus, malleus, stapes

Pleural cavities (lungs)

Cavities (right and left) that are the potential space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes

Abdominopelvic cavity

Cavity that extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis; includes stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small and large intestines, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

Peritoneal cavity

Cavity that is the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneal membranes

Pleural membranes (parietal is the outside layer that lines the cavity, visceral is the inside layer, covering the lung)

Body cavity membrane: which is a serous membrane that lines the lungs

Pericardial (parietal is the outside layer which lines the mediastinum, visceral is the inside layer, covering the heart)

Body cavity membrane: which serous membrane lines the heart?

Peritoneal membranes (parietal is the outside layer which lines the cavity, visceral is the inside layer, lining the organs)

Body cavity membrane: Which serous membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissue

Four major tissue types

epithelial

Which type of tissue is found throughout the body and covers the body, lines organs, found in the inner lining of body cavities and hollow organs?

epithelial

Which type of tissue always has an apical (free) surface exposed to an open space (inside or outside)?

basement membrane

What nonliving membrane anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue?

true

T/F Epithelial cells lack blood vessels, so they are supplied by underlying connective tissues

protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion

Functions of epithelial tissue

simple squamos

Which type of epithelial tissue is a single layer of thin, flattened cells that is thin and delicate, easily damaged?

diffusion and filtration

Simple squamos tissue is common at sites where _ and _ occur, since substances pass through easily.

Simple squamos

Alveoli, walls of capillaries, inside the blood and lymph vessels, and membrane coverings in the cavities is where you can find this type of epithelial tissue.

Simple cuboidal

Which type of epithelial tissue is a single layer of cube-shaped cells?

Simple cuboidal

Which type of epithelial tissue lines follicles of thyroid gland, covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules, and ducts of glands (salivary glands, pancreas, and liver)?

tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption, and secretes glandular products

Simple cuboidal cells function in _ and _ and _

Simple columnar

Which type of epithelial tissue is either ciliated or nonciliated single layer of elongated cells, which form a good protective layer?

portions of the GI tract

Nonciliated simpl ecolumnar cells are found where?

secreting digestive fluids, absorbing nutrients, as microvilli for absorption, and as goblet cells that secrete mucus onto free surfaces (excretion)

Functions of simple columnar cells include

pseudostratified columnar

Which type of epithelial tissue appears stratified, but isn't, and is commonly ciliated?

lining of the respiratory system, and the cilia that sweep away the mucus that goblet cells create.

Examples of pseudostratified columnar tissue is...

Stratified squamos

Type of epithelial tissue that is very thick and made up of many layers, that makes up the epidermis (skin)?

In the lining of the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal

Where else is stratified squamos tissue found?

keratin

Protein that produces a covering of dry, protective material that prevents water and other substances from escaping and microorganisms from entering the epidermis

Stratified cuboidal

This type of epithelial tissue has multiple layers of cuboidal cells that form the lining of a lumen (space within a tube)

Lines larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas, developing ovaries, seminiferous tubules

Stratified cuboidal is found where?

Stratified columnar

Which type of epithelial tissue is several layers of columnar cells, in which the superficial cells are elongated and the basal cells are cuboidal?

Lines part of the male urethra and ductus deferens and parts of the pharynx

Stratified columnar tissue is found where?

Transitional

Type of epithelial tissue that is specialized to change in response to increased tension. It lines the urinary bladder and prevents the contents of the bladder from diffusing back into the internal environment.

Glandular

Tissue that is specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids

columnar and cuboidal

Glandular cells are usually found within which two types of epithelium?

gland

Two or more glandular cells compose a?

Exocrine gland

Which type of gland secretes into a duct that opens onto an open surface? (skin or GI tract)?

Endocrine gland

Which type of gland secretes into tissue fluid or blood?

Merocrine gland

which type of gland releases fluids by exocytosis?

Apocrine gland

Which type of gland loses small portions of glandular cell bodies during secretion?

Holocrine gland

Which type of gland secretes entire cells along with fluids?

membrane

Thin structures that are usually composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue

mucuous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous

The four types of membranes are:

synovial membrane

Which membrane type lines the joints and is composed entirely of connective tissue?

Mucous membranes

Which type of membrane lines tubes that open to the outside of the body, in which there are goblet cells inbetween epithelial cells that secrete mucous? (type of epithelium varies)

Serous membranes

Which type of membrane lines cavities that DO NOT open to the outside and functions to reduce friction.

serous membranes

Which membrane secretes watery serous fluid?

serous membranes

Which membrane forms the inner linings of the thorax and abdomen and is also composed of simple squamos epithelium and loose connective tissue?

cutaneous

Which membrane is "skin"

connective

What is the most abundant tissue type by weight?

Connective tissue

Which tissue provides framework, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, protects against infection and helps repair tissue damage?

glands and membranes

Epithelial tissue forms?

connective tissue

Blood, adipose tissue, bone, and cartilage are all examples of ..........

Extracellular matrix

Protein fibers and ground substance between cells in connective tissue is called \___

fixed cells

Cells that remain in their place

Wandering cells

Cells that reside in different places in the body (do not remain in place)

fibroblasts

Star-shaped cells that produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matrix, found in connective tissue.

macrophages

What type of cell originates as a white blood cell, is usually attached to fibers in connective tissue but can detach, and functions as a scavenger cell (phagocytosis)?

mast cells

What type of cell is usually found near blood vessels in connective tissue and secretes heparin, which prevents blood clotting?

mast cell

Which cell releases histamine?

Collagenous fibers

What are thick threads of collagen with great tensile strength? They are often found in components of body parts which hold structures together, such as ligaments and tendons.

dense connective tissue

Tissue containing abundant collagenous fibers

loose connective tissue

Tissue with sparse collagenous fibers

Elastic fibers

Which fibers are composed of a spring-like protein called elastin, and are yellow fibers?

elastic

What type of fiber is common in body parts that stretch such as the vocal cards and respiratory system?

reticular fibers

What are thin collagenous fibers that are delicate supporting networks, such as in the spleen?

Areolar tissue

What is the name for the connective tissue that forms delicate, thin membranes that binds the skin to the underlying organs and fills spaces between muscles? (type of connective tissue)

reticular fibers

What fibers form the delicate supporting framework for certain internal organs, e.g. liver, spleen, lymphatic organs

cartilage

What type of connective tissue is rigid and provides support, frameworks, and attachments?