Biology 1153 final exam study set

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75 Terms

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Origin of land plants

All green algae and land plants share a common ancestor over 1 billion years ago, supported by DNA sequence data.

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Challenges on land

Plants had to overcome issues like water loss, sun protection, and effective gamete dissemination.

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Adaptations to terrestrial life

Plants evolved mechanisms like moving water within, specialized vascular tissues (xylem and phloem), and waxy cuticles for protection.

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Haplodiplontic life cycle

All land plants exhibit a life cycle with multicellular haploid and diploid stages, known as alternation of generations.

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Bryophytes

Mosses, the closest living descendants of early land plants, lack tracheids but have conducting cells and mycorrhizal associations.

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Vascular plants

Have xylem and phloem for water and nutrient transport, enabling height growth and hormone distribution.

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Plant cell types

Dermal tissue protects, ground tissue supports and stores, and vascular tissue conducts water and nutrients.

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Meristem cell division

Meristems at tips and roots produce new cells, while lateral meristems increase stem/root diameter.

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Roots

Anchor plants and absorb water; consist of root cap, cell division, elongation, and maturation zones.

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Stems

Support above-ground organs, grow from apical and lateral meristems, and have vascular tissue organization differences in monocots and eudicots.

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Leaves

Photosynthetic organs with different morphological groups like microphylls and megaphylls, and eudicot leaves with flattened blades and petioles.

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Transport in Plants

Water and minerals enter roots, move through xylem, and exit through stomata due to cohesion, adhesion, and osmosis.

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Osmotic concentration

Refers to the concentration of solutes in a solution.

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Hypertonic

Describes a solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another solution.

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Hypotonic

Describes a solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution.

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Isotonic

Refers to two solutions having the same concentration of solutes.

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Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

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Turgid

The swollen state of a plant cell due to high water uptake.

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Plasmolysis

The shrinking of a cell due to water loss.

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Osmotic pressure

The force required to prevent the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.

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Water potential

The energy status of water in a system, influenced by solute concentration and pressure.

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Xylem transport

The movement of water and minerals through the xylem tissue in plants.

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Guard cells

Specialized cells that control the opening and closing of stomata.

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Stomatal opening

The process by which stomata open due to turgor pressure in guard cells.

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Phloem transport

The movement of carbohydrates and other substances through the phloem tissue in plants.

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Pressure flow hypothesis

A model explaining the movement of carbohydrates in the phloem from source to sink tissues.

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Topsoil

The upper layer of soil where most plant roots are found, containing a mixture of mineral particles, organisms, and humus.

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Suberin

Found in cell walls of subterranean plant organs

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Physical damage and pathogens

Damage to dermal surface can create entry site for pathogens

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Fungal invasion phases

Windblown spore lands, germinates, forms adhesion pad, hyphae grow, differentiate into haustoria

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Chemical defenses

Plants employ toxins to kill herbivores or deter grazing behavior

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Secondary metabolites

Modified pathways produce chemicals affecting herbivores like alkaloids, tannins, and plant oils

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Allelopathic plants

Secrete chemicals to inhibit growth of nearby plants, reducing competition

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Ricin poison

Alkaloid from castor bean plant, can be lethal, blocks protein translation

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Plant protection by animals

Ants protect acacia trees from harmful herbivores

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Plant sensory systems

Response to light, gravity, and hormones like auxin

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Photomorphogenesis

Phytochrome involved in light-triggered development, seed germination, and shoot elongation

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Phototropism

Directional growth response to light, compensating for plant immobility

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Blue light receptors

Phototropin 1 regulates auxin flux in shoots in response to blue light

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Gravitropism

Plant response to gravity, shoots exhibit negative gravitropism, roots positive

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Amyloplasts

Starch-storing organelles involved in gravity perception in roots

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Hormones and sensory systems

Auxin promotes cell growth and influences plant bending towards light

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Flowering pathways

Light, temperature, gibberellin, and autonomous pathways regulate flowering in plants

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Flower morphology

Calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium make up the structure of flowers

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Embryo development

Double fertilization, embryo differentiation, and formation of tissue systems in plants

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Germination

Emergence of radicle through seed coat, requires water, oxygen, and metabolic reserves

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Patterns of Behavior

Once initiated, behaviors tend to continue to completion even if the initial stimulus is removed.

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Neural Mechanisms

Rapid behaviors are controlled by simple neural mechanisms involving a few neurons.

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Hormonal Influence

Hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and glucocorticoids influence behaviors such as territorial behavior, courtship, mating, and stress.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemicals like serotonin and dopamine influence behaviors.

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fMRI

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is used to measure neuron activity.

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Behavioral Genetics

Study of how genetics and environmental factors influence behavior.

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Vasopressin and Oxytocin

Hormones released during mating that regulate water retention and birth contractions.

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Habituation

Decrease in response to repeated stimuli without positive or negative consequences.

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Associative Learning

Conditioning where behaviors are learned through associations between stimuli or responses.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning through trial and error by associating behaviors with rewards or punishments.

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Instincts

Innate behaviors that guide learning and associations.

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Imprinting

Forming social attachments or preferences that influence behavior later in life.

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Evolutionary Factors

Selection, mutation, and genetic variation influence changes in populations and species.

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Species Concepts

Biological species concept defines species as reproductively isolated groups.

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Speciation

Allopatric speciation results from geographic isolation, leading to the formation of new species.

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Adaptive Radiation

Occurs in new environments with abundant resources and few species, leading to diversification.

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Taxonomy

Science of classifying organisms into groups based on shared characteristics.

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Monophyletic Group

Group of organisms including a common ancestor and all its descendants.

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Root system

anchors the plant and used to absorb water and ions from the soil

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shoot system

consists of supporting stems, photosynthetic leaves, and reproductive flowers. Repetitive units consist of internode, node, leaf and axillary bud.

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meristems

·      Located at the tips of stems and roots

·      Produce hormones that repress the development of the lateral bud

·      When meristem is interrupted, the plant will no longer be able to grow from that tip.

·      Lateral buds will then be released from the repression

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types of plant tissue

dermal, ground, and vascular

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dermal plant tissue

·      Forms the epidermis

·      One cell layer thick

·      Forms the outer protective covering of the plant

·      Covered with fatty cutin layer

·      Mostly epidermal cells

·      Also consists of special cells, including guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs.

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ground plant tissue types

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

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parenchyma

function in storage, photosynthesis and secretion

·      Most common type of plant cell

·      Living protoplasts

·      Most only have primary cell walls

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collenchyma

protection and support

·      Provides flexible support for plant organs

·      Allows bending without breaking

·      Living protoplasts

·      Lacks secondary cell walls

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sclerenchyma

protection and support

·      Tough thick walls

·      Usually lack living protoplasts at maturity

·      Secondary cell walls often contain lignin

·      Two general types, fibers and sclereids. Both strengthen tissues.

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all plants are…

haplodiplontic