Basic stem wood anatomy

Role of apical meristem and other growing points of a plant

AM/ primary growth=grow taller and make new leaves/flowers

O/secondary growth=increases plants girth/more vascular tissue

Primary growth includes what 3 tissues…

dermal, ground, and vascular

Three cell types and their general functions

parenchyma (storage), collenchyma (support), and sclerenchyma (strength).

Secondary growth with a lateral meristem and what is produced by each

outer/inner bark, cambium, sapwood, and heartwood

Why do trees have rings?/springwood vs summer wood?

annual growth cycles

Sp/lighter and less dense due to rapid growth

Su/darker and denser due to slower growth

Describe the plant cell, its contents, and how it operates (what are the organelles and what do they do?)

• Cell wall: provides structure

• Cell membrane: regulates what enters and exits the cell

• Nucleus: contains DNA and controls cell activities

• Chloroplasts: contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis to make food

• Mitochondria: produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration

• Vacuole: stores water, nutrients, and waste

• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): transports proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER)

• Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for export

• Ribosomes: synthesize proteins

• Plasmodesmata: channels between plant cells for communication and transport

layers of secondary growth