BIO-1040 Cumulative Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards to review topics for the BIO-1040 Cumulative Final Exam.

Anatomy

Study of the structure of the human body.

Physiology

Study of the function of the human body.

What are the levels of organization in the human body?

Chemicals, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Organism

What are the components of a feedback system?

Receptor (sensor), control center, and effector.

What is a negative feedback system?

Reverses a change in a controlled condition (fluctuates around a set point).

What is a positive feedback system?

Reinforces or strengthens a change in a controlled condition (change in the same direction).

What are the key concepts in the introduction to chemistry?

Elements and atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds, chemical bonds, and chemical reactions.

What are the three types of chemical bonds?

Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds.

What are the types of chemical reactions?

Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, and reversible reactions.

What are the inorganic compounds important for life processes?

Water and its properties, acids, bases, and salts, the concept of pH based on the concentration of hydrogen ions, and buffer systems.

What are the organic compounds important for life processes?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and enzymes, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP).

What are the three main cell components?

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, and membrane proteins.

What are the passive transport processes across the plasma membrane?

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.

What is active transport?

Use energy of ATP to 'push' a substance against or up its concentration gradient

What are the types of transport in vesicles?

Phagocytosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

What is cytosol?

Fluid substance containing cytoskeleton (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules).

What are the organelles found in the cytoplasm?

Centrosome, cilia and flagella, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), Golgi complex, lysosomes, and mitochondria.

What are the two main stages of protein synthesis?

Transcription and translation.

What are the phases of cell division?

Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

What are the four tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

What are the classifications of epithelia based on the number of layers?

Simple, stratified, and pseudostratified.

What are the classifications of epithelia based on cell shape?

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.

What are the connective tissue cells?

Fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes.

What are the components of the extracellular matrix?

Ground substance and fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular).

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

Areolar, adipose, reticular.

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic.

What are the types of cartilage?

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage.

What are the types of liquid connective tissue?

Blood and lymph.

What are the types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

What are the cell types in nervous tissue?

Neurons and neuroglia.

What are the parts of a neuron?

Cell body, dendrites, and axon.

What are the cells of the epidermis?

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and tactile epithelial cells.

What are the layers of the epidermis?

Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum.

What are the components of the hypodermis/subcutaneous layer?

Adipose and areolar tissue, blood vessels, and Pacinian corpuscle.

What are the functions of bone?

Support and protect, assists in movement, storage of minerals, production of blood cells, triglyceride storage.

What are the types of bones?

Long, short, flat, irregular bones.

What are the macroscopic parts of a long bone?

Diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum.

What are the cells of bone?

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

What is the structure of compact bone?

Haversian system or osteon, canals (Volkmann, Haversian), lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi.

What is the structure of spongy bone?

Trabeculae and red bone marrow.

What are the hormones of bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis?

Parathyroid (parathyroid hormone), kidneys (calcitriol), thyroid gland (calcitonin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine), anterior pituitary (human growth hormone), pancreas (insulin).

What are the bones of the skull?

Frontal, temporal, parietal, sphenoid, occipital, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, hyoid.

What are the vertebrae groups?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx.

What are the components of the thorax?

Sternum and ribs.

What are the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb?

Clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

What are the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb?

Hip bones, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

What are the functions of muscle?

Produce body movements, maintain posture, regulate organ volume, moves substances within body, produce heat.

What is the histology of a muscle cell?

Sarcolemma, transverse (T) tubules, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrils.

What are the components of thin filaments?

Actin, troponin, and tropomyosin.

What are the components of thick filaments?

Myosin.

What are the other components of skeletal muscle?

Tendons, blood supply (capillaries), nerves (neurons).

What causes the release of acetylcholine?

Impulse in the axon causes release of acetylcholine

What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

What are the muscles that move the face and head?

Occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major, sternocleidomastoid.

What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?

Rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique.

What is the diaphragm?

Moves substances within body

What are the muscles that move the arm?

Deltoid, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, triceps brachii.

What are the muscles that move the leg?

Rectus femoris, sartorius, gracilis, gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius.

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Sensory, integrative, and motor.

What are the components of the central nervous system (CNS)?

Brain and spinal cord.

What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems.

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic ('fight-or-flight') and parasympathetic ('rest and digest') divisions.

What are the parts of a neuron?

Cell body, dendrites, and axons.

What are the types of neuroglia?

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS).

What are the steps in the generation of an action potential?

Depolarization, repolarization, and refractory period.

What are the types of conduction?

Continuous conduction (unmyelinated) and saltatory conduction (myelinated).

What are the meninges (coverings) of the CNS?

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

What are the main sections of the brain?

Brain stem, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Cerebrum

What are the parts of the brain stem?

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

What are the parts of the Diencephalon?

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland

What are the parts of the eye?

Cornea, sclera, conjunctiva, choroid, ciliary body, lens, iris, vitreous chamber, retina, optic disk and optic nerve.

What are the parts of the ear?

Auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, cochlea, Organ of Corti, vestibulocochlear nerve.

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

Regulation of reproductive systems, glandular secretions, chemical composition of body fluids, metabolism, smooth and cardiac muscle contraction, some immune system activities, growth and development, and circadian rhythms.

What are the mechanisms of hormonal action?

Lipid soluble and water soluble (cAMP is the second messenger).

What are the ways hormone release is regulated?

Nervous system, chemical changes in blood, and other hormones.

What are the functions of blood?

Transport, regulation, and defense.

What are the components of blood?

Plasma and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).

What are the components of plasma?

Water, proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen).

What are the granulocytes?

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils.

What are the agranulocytes?

Monocytes (macrophages) and lymphocytes.

What are the steps of hemostasis?

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and clot formation.

What are the chambers of the heart?

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.

What is the conduction system of the heart?

Sinoatrial node (pacemaker), atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.

What are the types of blood vessels?

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.

What are the major veins?

Superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins, right & left external jugular.

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Return excess tissue fluid to bloodstream, transport dietary lipids into blood, defend against disease.

What aids lymph movement?

Valves, skeletal muscle contraction, and respiratory movements.

What are the organs of the lymphatic system?

Red bone marrow, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, and spleen.

What are the components of innate immunity?

First line of defense (barriers to entry) and second line of defense (internal defenses).

What are the components of adaptive immunity?

T cells and cell-mediated immunity, B cells and antibody-mediated immunity.

What are the respiratory processes?

Breathing/ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular/aerobic respiration.

What are the organs of the respiratory system?

Nose/nasal cavities, pharynx, glottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs.

What are the alveolar cell types?

Type I cells (simple squamous epithelium) and type II cells (secrete surfactant).

What regulates breathing mechanics?

muscle contraction and relation

What are the types of gas exchange?

External Respiration, Internal Respiration

What are the digestive system functions?

Ingestion, digestion (chemical and mechanical), absorption, and elimination.

What are the organs of the digestive system?

Mouth, pharynx and esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, large intestine.

Mucus, salivary amylase, and lysozyme

Salivary glands secrete

What are parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.