HST 122 Exam 1 MSU McIntyre

What started the railroad strikes?

Wage cuts

What is a general strike?

When workers strike across multiple occupations

What is socialism?

Wanting government to have more industry rights

Why does industrialization occur?

-growing need for manufactured goods

-growing railroads

What were the problems of the 1880's and 1890's?

-unemployment

-no safety net (aka no workers comp)

-social darwinism

-laissez-fair economics

What was the "Liberty of Contract"?

The right of an individual to sell his labor

What did the early craft unions do?

Unions for skilled workers that share similar sets of skills.

What causes the decline of the Knights of Labor?

Violent and deadly striking, 1869-1890

Who were the Knights of Labor?

-less skilled workers

-women

-some African Americans

What is the labor question?

Questions that strikers and the people suffering at this time asked

-How is the work of society to be done?

-Who works for whom and under what conditions?

-Who is to benefit from industrial production?

-Can democracy survive when most work for wages?

What was the people's party?

-created by farmers

-populist party

What was the American Federation of Labor?

Organization who fought for the lives of working people (white, skilled men)

What did the farmers' alliance do?

Argued for the regulation of railroads, regulate railroad rates, and created the people's party

What was the Farmers' exchange?

County level; made it to where farmers could sell crops through the exchange (this took out the middle man, making them able to sell their crops for a profit and save the farmers money)

What were the farmers problems in the late 1880's?

-a growing production globally

-increase mechanization

-declining crop prices

-high debt from borrowing money and not being able to pay it back

-high interest rates from farmers defaulting on their loans so often

-high railroad rates (there was only one railroad company that went out to farmers, so they were able to raise rates very high)

What was the subtreasury plan?

Required the government to build warehouses the farmers could store their crops in (made it to where farmers could sell it all year round, at different times than one another)

What is sharecropping?

Wealthy land owners would rent out their property to farmers who could not afford to buy their own land (typically African Americans who got out of slavery) in exchange for a percent of the profits.

4 Main problems in the 1900's

-Powerful Corporations

-Growing Poverty

-Political Corruption

-Urban Vice

What were the Jim Crow Laws?

-Idea of "Separate but Equal"

-Laws segregating public facilities (schools, hospitals, theaters, restrooms)

What 3 laws were passed in most southern states to keep blacks out of elections after the 15th Amendment was created?

-Poll Tax

-Literacy Test

-Grandfather Clause

What is progressive reform?

The middle class responding to the 4 main problems at the beginning of the 1900's.

What are social progressives?

Cared about social and economic issues and child labor

Social control progressives?

Focused on Urban Vice

What are political progressives?

Focused on political corruption

What was the Keating-Owens Act of 1916?

Prohibited manufactured good that were made by children 14 years of age and younger to be sold over state lines.

When were child labor laws enforced?

1905

What were settlement houses?

-Also known as "hull houses"

-progressive mid-class/upper-class lived there

-large houses in poor neighborhoods

-they taught different classes

-opened kindergartens

-built playgrounds

-established and employment bureau

Power of political bosses

a leader in a political party who controls votes and dictates appointments

How many casualties were in WWI?

8.5 million military casualties

When was the national board of censorship created?

1909

What countries were part of the triple alliance?

-Germany

-Austria/Hungary

-Italy

What were the 4 M.A.I.N causes of the war?

M-Miliatrism (arms race/military spending)

A- Alliances (Triple Alliance/Triple Entente)

I- Imperialism (Conflict over colonies &trade)

N- Nationalism (Germany rising/Challengin Great Britains power)

When did WWI start?

-Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

-Austria/Hungary declared war on Serbia

When did the US enter the war?

Fall 1917

Why did the US enter the war?

-Sinking of the Lusitania

-Germany resuming attacks

-The leak of the Zimmerman Telegraph

3 main points of Wilson's 14 point speech

-Free trade/end to empires

-Political Self-Determination

-League of Nations

What did President Wilson want to do when the US joined the war?

He thought this was a war to end all wars and he wanted what he discussed in his 14 point speech

What countries were the Triple Entente?

-Great Britain

-France

-Russia

What is nationalism?

a feeling of superiority over other countries

When does Germany seek peace?

November 1918

What was Wilson's motto that got him reelected in 1916?

"He kept us out of war"

Who were the central powers?

-Germany

-Austria/Hungary

-The Ottoman Empire

Who were the allies?

-Great Britain

-France

-Russia

-Italy

What was the Zimmerman Telegram?

-The British intercepted it when it was going from Germany to Mexico.

-Germany told Mexico that if the US entered the war against them that Mexico should enter the war against the United States.

-This was the last straw for the US that made them enter the war

What were Wilson's 2 victories?

-The League of Nation's WAS created

-Self-Determination in Eastern Europe

What was the Paris Peace Conference?

The big 4 met to discuss a peace treaty in Paris Dec 1918-Spring 1919

What were Wilson's defeats?

-No free trade

-No end to empires

-Germany reparations

-Creation of mandates

What are the effects of America rejecting the treaty?

-We never join the league of nations

-Historians debate whether or not the US could have stopped WWII from happening if we had been part of the league

What were some changes in production during the growth of industry in the 1870's?

-No giant factories

-Clothing was always handmade

-Shoes were hand crafted

-Most things were done by craft

What is industrial capitalism?

-an economic system based upon private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit

-wage labor

-private business

What two American cities were urbanized the most?

-New York City

-Chicago

What is the impact of industrialization?

-Loss of independence

-Increasing Economic Inequality (growing wage gap)

-Skilled vs unskilled workers

-Wage Labor

-People trying to justify inequality

-Labor movement

-A divided working class

Craft vs Shoe production

Shoes used to be hand crafted by a craftsman. Now after industrialization, they aren't, they are just made all at once in bulk in factories.

What kinds of people were considered skilled workers?

-People with skills (ex carpenters)

-1/6 Wage workers

-Get paid better

-North and West Immigrants

What kinds of people were considered unskilled workers?

-Women

-Children

-Ex Slaves

-Peasants

-Working class/lower class

-African Amercians

-South and East immigrants

What jobs did skilled workers do?

Carpentry

Mining

What jobs did unskilled workers do?

-make neckties

-take in boarders

-scavage

-run errands for people

-deliver newspapers

What was wage labor like?

-long hours

-no sunlight

-industrial accidents (sometimes death)

-often unemployed

-no min wage

-no job security

-no safety net

What were some industrial accidents?

-mine collapses

-back issues

-fires

-hurt by machines

What were the goals of the Knights of Labor?

-work less

-trade unions

What kinds of people were part of the Knights of Labor?

-all wages

-women

-African Americans

-unskilled/less skilled

When did the railroad strike take place?

1886

What was a reform society?

-wanted to abolish slavery

-womens voting rights

-make education more available

Why was the working class unable to make significant changes during the 1870's?

Internal divisions

What was the impact of third parties?

-forced Americans to think about the growing population and the need for big business

-made people more open to new ideas

What was the Omaha Platform?

-nationalize railroads

-subtreasury program

-progressive income tax

-direct election of senators

-public voting by signing petitions

-shorter work days for wage workers

-free silver

Who ran in the 1892 election?

Cleveland

What was going on during Cleveland's presidency that caused him not to get reelected?

-Major economic depression

-Pullman strike

-He had to crush the Railroad strike

When does the people's party fade away?

After 1896

What were the dilemma's of the populist's party?

Bryan stole their ideas so they had to run a fusion campaign

What legacies does the People's Party pass on?

-Crop prices increase

-increased democracy

-introduced many ideas that were later adopted

-1st income tax w/ higher rates on the wealthy

What was the 13th Amendment?

Abolished slavery

What was the 15th Amendment?

African Americans could vote

Who did powerful corporations hurt?

-workers

-consumers

-small business owners

What was Urban Vice?

Corruption

Who were the progressives?

-people who were concerned about social problems

-middle-class professionals

-many college educated women

3 types of progressive reformers

-social progressives

-political progressives

-social control progressives

When was minimum wage established?

1930s

What happened in 1911?

There was a fire at a women's workplace where they had been locking the women in the building on an upper level floor. The women either jumped or burned to death. (this led to the organization of unions)

When did the Lusitania sink?

May 1915

Who sank the Lusitania?

Germany

When did Germany resume their submarine attacks?

1917

New immigrants vs old immigrants

New:

-after 1890

-S. and E. Europe

-People who have worked the land

-Jewish and Catholic

-Skilled and unskilled

Old:

-before 1890

-N. and W. Europe

-Protestants

-Ireland, Germany, Scottland

-Skilled

What is social darwinism?

-social middle and upper class philosophy

-did not fit with actual darwinism

-frowned upon charity

-frowned upon the government helping

-believed in survival of the fittest

-believed in a free market

What was the significance of the great railroad strike of 1877?

-no unions at this time

-1st against big business

-spread in days

What were industrial unions?

People in the same industry form unions