Unit 7 - Civil War/Reconstruction

how did Lincoln rally the north behind cries of “union”

secession illegal

When the south seceded from the union, what did they create?

confederate states of america

What did the constitution of the CSA contain that the US constitution did not?

slavery and states rights

Who was the president of the CSA?

jefferson davis

How did the confederacy focus on survival as a nation?

defensive war

wage defensive war, fighting for self-determination and way of life, talented officers, military heritage, cotton, foreign connections

southern advantages

wealth, manufacturing and naval power (industrial strengths), larger population, moral cause (emancipation), emergence of king corn and wheat (food)

northern advantages

poor officers, soldiers not prepared for military life, political divisions over war purpose

northern weaknesses

lack of industrial infrastructure, poor transportation system, economic difficulties

southern weaknesses

At first, how did both sides expect the war to go?

short and glorious war

Lincoln avoided firing first shot, but war was still underway with confederate first shots

fort sumter

illusions of short war dashed during bloody southern victory

bull run

What made the war more brutal?

industrial revolution and technological advancements

What caused the South to gain the upperhand during the battle of bull run>

the norths inexperience and poor leadership

What did the battle of bull run prove?

the war would not be easy or short

Where was fort sumter?

charlestown

Why Jefferson Davis chose to fire the first shots?

wanted the south to be seen as an independent nation

Where was the battle of bull run?

virginia

How did the North name important events?

landmarks

How did the South name important events?

locations

Who’s good leadership turned the tide at bull run

Stonewall Jackson

blockade southern ports, gain control of the mississippi river, capture confederate capital of richmond

peninsula campaign

in virginia, general lee’s good leadership outmaneuvered northern general joseph hooker, which forced the union army to retreat

chancellorsville

in pennsylvania, the union army was able to hold the high ground and cause the confederate army to retreat. this was the turning point in the war because the confederate army had given up on trying to invade the north and their army would never recover from the violence.

gettysburg

in mississippi, general grant ordered a siege and closed in the city by way of land and water. this was another turning point of the war because the commander surrendered and the mississippi river was now in complete control of the north

vicksburg

general grant attacked general lee’s army trying to gain control of the confederate supply center, but the confederates were able to hold off the north. however, general grant ordered a siege that resulted in the north taking over

petersburg

Which foreign nation did the battle of Antietam have the biggest impact on?

britain

Why was britain the most impacted foreign nation due to the battle of Antietam?

relied on the south for cotton and didn’t want to back the losing side so they waited for the south to win the battle of Antietam but they lost

Why did Abraham Lincoln need the results of the Battle of Antietam to issue the Emancipation Proclamation?

he needed the victory to back up the controversial proclamation

Why was the state of Maryland so important to the Union?

surrounds washington dc

What was the Norths biggest advantage at the battle of Antietam?

better equipped

What was George B. McClellan’s biggest flaw before, during, and after the battle of Antietam?

too cautious and not aggressive enough to end the war

What was the most important long term result of the Battle of Antietam?

the emancipation proclamation

What was the Civil War first about?

secession

What did the Emancipation Proclamation make the war about?

slavery

What did general lee realize before the battle of Antietam?

the south wouldn’t last

What did general lee do to start the battle of Antietam?

invaded maryland

Why was it important that lee invaded maryland?

changed the war from defensive to offensive

What did McClellan get but not act on?

general lee’s battle plans

Why didn’t McClellan pursue the weak confederate army?

too cautious

“if my name ever goes into history, it will be for this act, and my whole soul is in it”

abraham lincoln

What was the emancipation proclamation originally for?

war measure

What did the emancipation proclamation do?

targeted the slave labor force in the south

What did the emancipation proclamation do that made it a war measure?

freed slaves in areas of rebellion

What did the emancipation proclamation open the door to?

african american soldiers

What did the emancipation proclamation close the door to?

foreign intervention

What did the emancipation proclamation set the stage for?

13th amendment

What kind of war did Ulysses S. Grant wage for?

war of attrition

fighting til the end

attrition

Even though the North was losing men at wilderness, cold harbor, and petersburg, what was the South losing?

confederate army

What took "total war” to the southern homefront?

shermans march to the sea

What is “total war”?

attack on population as well as army

general lee and general grant arranged a confederate surrender in a virginia village. after 4 months all remaining resistances collapsed

appomattox

determined and unorthodox general from virginia due to his military tactics during the seven days battles he was able to push the union army down to the peninsula of virginia

robert e lee

received his nickname at the battle of bull run because soldiers admired his good leadership and military tradition, but died during Chancellorsville

thomas stonewall jackson

appointed by lincoln after the battle of bull run to lead the union army, but was too cautious and not aggressive enough on the battle field

george b mcclellan

brave, tough, and decisive general who waged for “total war” and took control of the mississippi at vicksburg

ulysses s grant

appointed by ulysses s grant to lead the military division of mississippi. he also believed in “total war” and burned georgia and invaded south carolina on his way back from his march

william tecumseh sherman

What were general lee’s mistakes at the battle of gettysburg?

invading and attacking the center of the union line

war measure - starves people out of food and goods

siege

What was general grants nickname?

the butcher

Why was general granted nicknamed the butcher?

always attacks, never retreats

Why did general grant order a siege at petersburg?

supply center for confederate army

What did William Tecumseh Sherman do on his march to the sea (savannah, georgia)?

burn cotton farms

Why did the peninsula campaign fail?

mcclellan

why did fort sumter happen?

soldiers of the union were in the seceded state of south carolina

Who was winning at first during the battle of bull run?

the north

Why didn’t the south take full advantage of their victory at the battle of bull run and proceed to richmond?

too weak

in november of 1860 Lincoln had won the election with 39.8% of the popular vote

lincoln barely got elected

only 1 million of the 4.7 million people who voted for lincoln were still with him in april 1861

lincoln losing support after fort sumter

in july 1861 people projected everything they saw wrong with the country onto lincoln

lincoln losing support after battle of bull run

in september 1862 the emancipation proclamation was deemed “a monsterous usurpation, a criminal wrong, an act of national suicide”

lincoln losing support after antietam because of the emancipation proclamation

in december 1862 the number of democrats in the house almost doubled, from 44 to 75, cutting the republican majority from 70% to 55%

lincoln lost political support after fredericksburg

in july 1863 the largest insurgency of riots broke out

lost support after NYC draft

in july 1863 victory at gettysburg…

gained lincoln some support

in june 1864 the carnage of the overland campaign caused…

lincoln to lose some support after cold harbor

in september 1864 the burning of atlanta caused…

a turning point for lincoln that helped him win reelection

in november 1864 a shift of less than 1% percent of the votes would’ve given the election to mcclellan

lincoln barely wins reelection

What stage of the war was the emancipation proclamation?

the war was not going well for the union, but victory at antietam changed things

What did Lincoln want to accomplish short-term with the emancipation proclamation?

end of foreign intervention

What did Lincoln want to accomplish long-term with the emancipation proclamation?

moral strength

What stage of the war was the gettysburg address?

after the turning point of the war, but politically things were still not going well for the union

What did Lincoln want to accomplish short-term with the gettysburg address?

dedicated national cemetery

What did Lincoln want to accomplish long-term with the gettysburg address?

fight for democracy and freedom

What stage of the war was Lincoln’s second inaugural address?

one month before war ends and union is doing well due to the leadership of general grant and sherman

What did Lincoln want to accomplish short-term with the second inaugural address?

reelection

What did Lincoln want to accomplish long-term with the second inaugural address?

end the malice and unify the north and south

When did political opposition peak?

before election of 1864

What were McClellan and the peace democrats against?

continuing war

What saved Lincoln’s reelection?

fall of atlanta

What did Lincoln suspend to keep Washington D.C safe from saboteurs?

habeas corpus

How did Lincoln preserve the union?

secession is not a legal option

“I say in relation to the principle that all men are created equal, let it be nearly reached as we can”

abraham lincoln

an amendment to the constitution that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude

13th amendment

an amendment to the constitution that makes all persons born or naturalized in the US citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection of the laws

14th amendment

an amendment to the constitution that prohibited the denial of voting rights to people because of their race or because they were former slaves

15th amendment

republicans in congress that wanted to destroy the political power of former slave owners and to give african americans full citizenship

radical republicans

agency established by congress that assisted former slaves and poor white southerners by giving them food and clothing

Freedman’s Bureau

Due to Freedman’s Bureau what other institutions were established?

hospitals and schools

derogatory label for white southerners who joined the republican party

scalawag