7 Genetics

Nature vs. Nurture Debate

The ongoing discussion regarding the relative importance of genetics (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) in human behavior and traits.

Epigenetics

The study of how the environment affects gene expression and how these changes can be passed to offspring without altering the underlying DNA sequence.

Gene Expression

The process by which cells convert the genetic instructions in DNA into functional products such as proteins.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual, consisting of all the genetic information inherited from their parents.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, determined by the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene

A gene linked to the regulation of neurotransmitters affecting mood and behavior; its variant (MAOA-L) has been associated with aggression and impulsivity.

Concordance Rate

The probability that both twins share a trait or disorder, used to assess genetic influence in studies of twins.

Behavioral Genetics

A field of study that examines the role of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors.

Oxytocin Receptor Gene (OXTR)

A gene that affects social behaviors such as bonding, empathy, and trust.

Genome

The complete set of genetic material in an organism, containing all the DNA that codes for specific traits and functions.

Heritability

A measure of how much of the variation in a trait can be attributed to genetic factors, as opposed to environmental influences.

Identical Twins (Monozygotic)

Twins that share nearly 100% of their DNA, resulting from the splitting of a single fertilized egg.

Fraternal Twins (Dizygotic)

Twins that share about 50% of their DNA, resulting from the fertilization of two separate eggs.

MAOA Deficiency

A genetic condition related to low levels of monoamine oxidase A enzyme, linked to aggressive behavior and impulsive actions.

Kinship Studies

Research that examines genetic similarities and differences among family members to understand the heritability of traits.

Adoption Studies

Research that studies individuals who are raised by non-biological parents to disentangle genetic and environmental influences on traits or behaviors.

Cognitive and Behavioral Traits

Characteristics such as intelligence, personality, and mental health conditions that may be influenced by genetics.

Gottesman and Goldsmith Study (1994)

A study that found higher concordance rates for juvenile delinquency in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins, suggesting a genetic influence.

Brunner Syndrome

A genetic condition linked to a mutation in the MAOA gene, causing abnormal behavior and aggression.