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Northern View on Slavery
Believed slavery was morally wrong and sought to contain its spread.
Southern View on Slavery
Viewed slavery as a necessary economic system and justified it culturally.
Compromise of 1850
A package of five separate bills passed in 1850, aimed at diffusing tensions between slave and free states.
Key Figures in Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and Daniel Webster.
Northern Response to the Fugitive Slave Act
Many Northerners resisted its enforcement, leading to increased tensions and activism against slavery.
Effect of Uncle Tom's Cabin
Raised awareness of the harsh realities of slavery and fueled abolitionist sentiment.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas, it allowed settlers of Kansas and Nebraska to decide on the issue of slavery.
Bleeding Kansas
A series of violent political confrontations in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces following the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Political Party System Change in 1850s
The emergence of the Republican Party, focused on opposing the expansion of slavery.
Dred Scott Case
The 1857 Supreme Court decision that ruled African Americans were not citizens and Congress could not regulate slavery in territories.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
A series of debates in 1858 between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas over slavery, with Douglas winning.
Election of 1860 Winner
Abraham Lincoln won the presidency; other candidates included Stephen A. Douglas and John C. Breckinridge.
Secession Crisis of 1860
Resulted from Lincoln's election, as Southern states feared his anti-slavery policies.
Ft. Sumter Significance
The site of the first shots of the Civil War; marked the start of the conflict.
Confederate States vs. Union States
Confederacy included Southern states, while Union encompassed the Northern states.
Advantages of the Union
Larger population, more industrial resources, and better transportation networks.
Disadvantages of the Union
Fighting on unfamiliar territory and initial military leadership challenges.
Advantages of the Confederacy
Strong military tradition and motivation to defend their homeland.
Disadvantages of the Confederacy
Smaller population and fewer industrial resources.
Union Strategies
Anaconda Plan aimed to blockade and capture the South.
Confederate Strategies
Defensive tactics aimed at wearing down the North.
Major Battles of the Civil War
Including Gettysburg, Antietam, and Bull Run, which shaped the war's course.
Emancipation Proclamation
Declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were free; it was a turning point in the war.
Role of African Americans in Union War Effort
Served as soldiers, laborers, and spies, contributing significantly to the Union's success.
Lincoln's Political Actions During the War
Suspended habeas corpus, issued the Emancipation Proclamation, and promoted war strategies.
Union Military Commander in Last Year
Ulysses S. Grant, who implemented total war strategies, such as in the Siege of Vicksburg.
End of the War
The war ended in April 1865 at Appomattox Court House, with generous terms for the South.
Lincoln After the War
Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth shortly after the end of the war; Andrew Johnson became president.
Major Problems After Civil War
Reconstruction of the South, integration of freed slaves, and economic rebuilding.
Three Reconstruction Amendments
13th (abolished slavery), 14th (citizenship rights), and 15th (voting rights for African American men).
Effects of Reconstruction on the South
Political changes with increased African American participation, but significant social and economic hardships persisted.
End of Reconstruction Factors
Economic depression, political compromises, and the withdrawal of federal troops in 1877.
Successes of Reconstruction
Abolition of slavery and establishment of civil rights.
Failures of Reconstruction
Did not achieve lasting racial equality, leading to Jim Crow laws.
Issues African American Leaders Focused on Post-Reconstruction
Civil rights, education access, economic opportunities, and combating racism.
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