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Succession
The process of determining who will be the next monarch, often after the death or abdication of the current monarch.
Parliament
The legislative body of England that gradually gained more power during the period of absolutism and later became crucial in limiting the power of the monarchy.
Dissolve Parliament
The monarch's act of disbanding Parliament, often to prevent them from opposing royal decisions.
Henry VIII
King of England (1509–1547), famously broke from the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England.
Dissenter
Protestants who separated from the Church of England due to differences in beliefs or practices.
Protestantism vs. Roman Catholicism
Protestantism emerged as a reform movement against the Catholic Church, advocating for different doctrines and practices.
Martial law
The imposition of direct military control over normal civil functions, often used in times of unrest.
Act of Supremacy
A law passed under Henry VIII declaring the monarch as the supreme head of the Church of England.
Tyrant
A ruler who exercises absolute power in an unjust or oppressive manner.
Church of England / Anglican Church
The Protestant church established by Henry VIII after breaking away from Rome.
Limited monarchy
A form of government where the monarch's powers are restricted by law or by a parliamentary body.
Elizabeth I
Queen of England (1558–1603), known for her strong leadership, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and the Elizabethan Age.
James I
King of England (1603–1625), also King James VI of Scotland, known for conflicts with Parliament over his absolute rule.
Puritan
A religious group within Protestantism advocating for strict religious observance and reform of the Church of England.
King James Bible
A widely influential translation of the Bible commissioned by James I.
Charles I
King of England (1625–1649), whose struggles with Parliament led to the English Civil War and his execution.
The Petition of Right
A document limiting the king’s power, signed by Charles I in 1628.
William Laud
Archbishop of Canterbury, associated with the imposition of religious conformity under Charles I.
The Cavaliers
Royalist supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War.
The New Model Army / Roundheads
The Parliament’s military force in the English Civil War, led by Oliver Cromwell.
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of the Roundheads and eventual Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England after the monarchy was abolished.
The Levellers
A political movement advocating for greater political and social equality during the English Civil War.
“Lord Protector”
Title assumed by Oliver Cromwell during the period of the Commonwealth.
Charles II
King of England (1660–1685), known as the 'Merry Monarch,' restored to the throne after Cromwell’s death.
“The Merry Monarch”
A nickname for Charles II, referring to his lively court and the return of fun and festivity after Cromwell’s strict Puritan rule.
James II
King of England (1685–1688), whose attempts to push Catholicism led to the Glorious Revolution.
William and Mary
Monarchs who were invited to take the throne after James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution.
The Glorious Revolution
The bloodless overthrow of James II and the ascension of William and Mary to the English throne.
The English Bill of Rights
A document limiting the powers of the monarchy and affirming the rights of Parliament and the people.
Huguenot
French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin and faced persecution in Catholic France.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
A 1572 event in which thousands of Huguenots were killed in Paris.
Religious toleration
The allowance of different religious beliefs and practices.
Henry IV
King of France (1589–1610), who ended the French Wars of Religion and issued the Edict of Nantes.
The levée
A ceremonial court ritual where nobility served the king, typically related to the king's daily routine.
The Edict of Nantes
A law issued by Henry IV granting religious toleration to Huguenots in France.
Mercantilism
An economic policy that encourages government regulation of the economy to maximize national wealth, often through colonialism and tariffs.
Cardinal Richelieu
Chief minister to Louis XIII, who centralized royal power in France.
Subsidy
A financial assistance or grant provided by the government, often to support certain industries or policies.
Louis XIV
Known as the Sun King, he ruled France (1643–1715) and famously centralized power, creating an absolute monarchy.
Tariff
A tax on imports or exports, often used to protect domestic industries.
Cardinal Mazarin
Successor to Richelieu, who helped solidify Louis XIV's absolute power.
Favorable balance of trade
An economic situation where a country exports more than it imports, increasing national wealth.
The Fronde
A series of civil wars in France (1648–1653) during the early reign of Louis XIV, caused by opposition to royal absolutism.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Minister of Finance under Louis XIV, responsible for implementing mercantilist policies.
Versailles
The opulent palace built by Louis XIV, symbolizing his absolute power and control over the nobility.
The War of Spanish Succession
A major European conflict (1701–1714) involving Louis XIV’s efforts to unite Spain and France under one crown.
Junker
The aristocratic landowners in Prussia, influential in the military and political spheres.
Charles VI
Holy Roman Emperor, whose death without a male heir led to the War of Austrian Succession.
The Pragmatic Sanction
A document issued by Charles VI allowing his daughter, Maria Theresa, to inherit the Habsburg lands.
Maria Theresa
Empress of Austria, known for her reforms and leadership during the War of Austrian Succession.
Frederick William I
King of Prussia, known for building a strong military state.
Frederick II, “the Great”
King of Prussia, known for his military victories and enlightened reforms.
The War of Austrian Succession
A conflict over the inheritance of the Habsburg lands after Charles VI's death.
Silesia
A region that was a key point of contention during the War of Austrian Succession.
Tsar
The emperor of Russia, a title derived from 'Caesar.'
Peter I, “the Great”
Tsar of Russia (1682–1725), who worked to modernize Russia by introducing Western reforms.
Westernization
The process of adopting Western European culture, technology, and governmental practices.
Russian Orthodox Church
The national church of Russia, which played a significant role in the Russian state.
Boyar
The noble class in Russia, who held significant land and political power.
St. Petersburg
The new capital city founded by Peter the Great, symbolizing his push for modernization.
Autocrat
A ruler with absolute power, used to describe Russian tsars.
Serf
A peasant bound to the land and under the control of a landowner, much like slaves.
Warm-water port
A port that does not freeze in winter, sought by Russia to increase its access to trade.
The Tudor Dynasty (England)
Henry VIII, Elizabeth I.
The Stuart Dynasty (England)
James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II, and Mary.
The Bourbon Dynasty (France)
Henry IV, Louis XIII, Louis XIV.
The Hapsburg Dynasty (Austria)
Charles VI, Maria Theresa.
The Hohenzollern Dynasty (Prussia)
Frederick William I, Frederick II.
The Romanov Dynasty (Russia)
Peter I.
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