AP psych unit 6

what is the correct order of human development from zygote to newborn?

what is the correct order of human development from zygote to newborn?

Zygote, embryo, fetal, newborn

what technique did Lawrence Kohlberg used to illustrate the stages of his theory?

studies on moral dilemmas

what is the best evidence that social interaction is pre-programmed in humans and does not need to be learned? (hint: think newborns and faces)

infants prefer looking at contoured objects rather than plain ones, complex objects to simple ones, and whole faces to those with disarrayed features. infants prefer "top-heavy" patterns- like faces

research findings on infant motor development are consistent with the idea that

Maturation of physical skills is relatively unaffected by experience

according to Jean Piaget, children cease to exhibit egocentrism during which stage?

The preoperational stage

what is Jean Piaget's concrete operational stage? What skills has a child acquired at this stage?

lasts from roughly age 7 to 11; children can apply logical thought to concrete objects and events. This is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events.

Tamara wants to test her new baby's Babinski reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, Tamara will have to

stroke the sole of the baby's foot

What is conservation? When does it occur (what stage)? Know an example when someone has mastered conservation and when they haven't.

-a conscious perception that tangible amounts do not vary whenever their appearances are modified.

-Concrete operational stage children understand this

-For example, a young child shown a 9 inch round bowl and a 6 inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn than the larger bowl because the child has yet to acquire conservation.

According to Piaget, what are the major cognitive milestones reached from sensorimotor to formal operations. Be sure to know when hypothetical thinking occurs.

Sensorimotor- infants develop object permanence

Preoperational- egocentrism, animism, and artificialism are characteristics of this stage

Concrete Operational- earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events

Formal Operational- ability to think logically about abstract concepts and hypothetical situations

what are developmental norms? What would be an example of developmental norms in children?

standards by which the progress of a child's development can be measured.

For example, the average age at which a child walks, learns to talk, or reaches puberty would be such a standard and would be used to judge whether the child is progressing normally.

At what stage in Erik Erikson's psychosocial development is a 25-year-old? What can we expect to see during the stage?

early adulthood; stage 6- intimacy v isolation: key concern being sharing intimacy with another

Gender stereotypes are developed as a result of

societal norms and other environmental factors

A healthy, 70 year old editor of a print magazine is likely to experience the greatest decline in which of the following cognitive tasks?

Quickly learning the process of editing and publishing an Internet-based magazine

Carol Gilligan's critique of Lawrence Kohlberg'e stages of moral development focuses primarily on differences

Differences and experience and outlook between males and females in the course of moral development

which researcher found that ducklings will follow the first figure they see within their first day of hatching? What causes this to occur?

Konrad Lorenz;

he showed that young ducks and geese could be "imprinted" on virtually anything (see it as its mother), from people to colored balls, during their first days of life

Michael and Keisha, who met and married in their mid-20s, have been married for 25 years. Their youngest child recently graduated from high school and has left for college. What is most likely true of this couple's relationship now?

great happiness and enjoyment

Carol Gilligan, in her criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg, proposed that the moral reasoning of males is primarily based on

rational abstract principles (whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on relationships and the social context)

What is gender role development? How does this occur? What would be an example?

patterns of behavior regarded as appropriate for males and females within a given society

For example, girls and women are generally expected to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite, accommodating, and nurturing. Men are generally expected to be strong, aggressive, and bold.

What behavior will a child with a secure attachment display during a strange situation study?

using their mother as a secure base to explore the room and for comfort

genetic research has identified an association between certain chromosomeal defects and a form of Alzheimer's disease that reduces brain levels of (its a neurotransmitter)

acetylcholine

Preschoolers often have trouble buttoning shirts do to less developed

Fine motor skills (controlled by the cerebellum that is not fully developed)

What is object permanence? At what stage of cognitive development does it occur? What will a child's behavior look like with the development of object permanence and without?

-the understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.

-is developed at around 9 months in the sensorimotor stage

-For example, if a ball rolls under a bed, it is literally out of the infant's sight and thus out of the infant's mind. The infant does not look for the ball. If object permanence was developed the infant would be looking under the bed for the ball.

A nine-year-old girl first learned about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stages of development?

Industry versus Inferiority (ages 6-12)

A child reading a book points to a picture on the page and calls to his mother in another room and says, "mommy, who's in this picture?" He expects that she will know what he is pointing at even though she cannot see it. what concept is illustrated in this example?

egocentrism

infants are repeatedly shown an object dropping onto a platform. Eventually, the infants spend less time looking at the object, and their heart rates and respirations decrease. This is an example of

habituation - an indication of memory/learning

What term describes the different emotional dispositions of infants?

temperament

Gender differences have most often been found in

Aggressions

modern research on Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development indicates that Piaget underestimated

children's abilities

what is Lawrence Kohlberg's post conventional stage of moral development? Be able to recognize behaviors of a person who has reached the stage.

typically expressed by adults. people develop personal standards of right and wrong. they define morality in terms of abstract principles of justice

for example, a conscientious objector refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of human life is operating at this level.

Erik Erikson's theory of development assumes what principle underlies development at all stages?

the combination of physiological change within a new social environment creates a psychosocial crisis that can be resolves with either a positive or a negative response

One criticism of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development is that it (think science)

is based on empirically unverifiable constructs

Lee is about to turn 102. The death deferral theory would predict that

he will put off dying until after his birthday (people tend to put off dying when there is an event to look forward to- their mind does it)

researchers hypothesize that the older a baby is when it begins to crawl, the longer it will take the baby to stop exhibiting earlier rocking behaviors. The researchers go into the infant room of a daycare center every day for six weeks. Every time a baby rocks, the researchers record it. They document which babies are already crawlers and at what age each started crawling. What will help the researchers with their investigation?

Their knowledge that rocking behavior develops before crawling behavior and that rocking behavior eventually goes away once crawling behavior begins

What is accommodation in terms of child development (not vision)? What is an example of it at work?

the process of adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to incorporate new information.

For example, a child believes that all birds can fly, yet comes to realize that a penguin is a bird. According to Piaget, the child will accommodate this new info by changing his or her ways of thinking in order to incorporate new information.

when a newborn infant is touched on the cheek, the infant will turn its head towards the source of stimulation. This behavior is known as

rooting reflex

what does Erikson believe about adolescence and exploring one's identity? what might it look like to parents of a teen who is exploring their identity?

Erikson stressed that the primary crisis faces by adolescents was identity versus role confusion. No longer young children, but not yet adults, adolescents struggle to interpret their past, present, and future and combine them into a meaningful sense of identity

The fact that imprinting is most certain to occur if the opportunity for imprinting is presented to the organism at a very specific age indicates the existence of

a critical period

what is unconditional positive regard? What is an example of a parent showing this to their child?

(a concept developed by the humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers) the basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does, especially in the context of client centered therapy and parenting.

For example, Nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplified unconditional positive regard.

what types of thinking would we expect to see from someone at the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

the capacity to think logically about abstract concepts and hypothetical situations is the hallmark of formal operational thinking. the cognitive milestone of hypothetical thinking is the ability that tends to be acquired last.

Egocentrism, animism, an artificialism are characteristics of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

preoperational stage

According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events?

concrete operational stage

Psychologist characterize parents who consistently demand their children's compliance without discussion as

authoritarian

What is the current thinking about personality and lifespan?

current thinking of developmental psychologists is that in most people, the stability of personality tends to increase over the life span

What are the primary sex characteristics for males and females?

sex organs ( includes ovaries)

What did the results of Harry Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys and surrogate mothers show?

infants attach to those who provide them with contact comfort

Who is known for studying parental styles?

Diana Baumrind

The debate over whether development occurs gradually, without discernible shifts, or through a series of distinct stages is termed

continuity vs. discontinuity

Who's sociocultural theory best exemplifies continuity?

Lev Vygotsky (includes zone of proximal development)

What is the relationship between the aging process in an individual's activity patterns?

During the aging process, physical activity decreases by 40%-80%, thereby increasing the likelihood of individuals developing metabolic disorders and other chronic diseases

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation paradigm is typically used to test young children's

attachment (to their parent)

what is androgyny? What would be an example of someone (male and female) who is androgynous?

someone who displays both male and female traits

an example would be a girl who is a kicker for the football team or a boy that is on the baseball team and loves to cook and collect dolls would both have a high degree of androgyny

developmental research on the formation of attachments indicates that a child's secure attachment to its mother during infancy is predictive of what during its toddler years (throughout life)?

predictive of social competence during its toddler years

explain the development of moral reasoning as put forth by Lawrence Kohlberg. In other words, explain how a child's moral thinking changes over time, from the first stage to the last.

preconventional morality- typical of young children who make moral judgements based upon avoiding punishment... or the likelihood of punishment. their egocentric moral reasoning is limited to how their choice will affect themselves.

conventional morality- typical of adolescents and young adults who make moral judgements based on compliance with society's rules and values. conventional standards of right and wrong are learned from parents, peers, teachers, and media (a person who follows the law simply because it is the law)

postconventional morailty- typically expressed by adults who develop personal standards of right and wrong. they define morality in terms of abstract principles of justice

Trent is not able to brush his teeth on his own, but he is able to brush his teeth with the help of his father. Which theory of child development best explains the interaction between Trent and his father?

Vgotski's social learning theory

What is true about heredity and intelligence? There will be a graph to read... It should be easy.

heredity and environment have an interactive influence on intelligence. Many researchers believe that there is a reaction range to IQ, which refers to the limits placed on IQ by heredity.

What psychosocial changes occur at the adult and late adult stage of development?

In stage 6 (early adulthood- Intimacy v. Isolation), the key concern is sharing intimacy with another, if not they may feel isolated and lonely

family and work become the dominant social settings in generativity vs self absorption (stage 7- middle adulthood)

In stage 8 ((Ego) Integrity v. Despair- late adulthood), the individual reviews and evaluates one's life and the choices made

What is fetal alcohol syndrome? Is it associated with environmental effects or with genetic influence?

a combination of birth defects, including organ deformities and mental, motor, and/or growth retardation, that result from material alcohol abuse

environmental effects

according to Lawrence Kohlberg's research, four-year-olds in five pre-kindergarten are most likely at the ______________________________ stage of moral development.

preconventional

describe an authoritarian parenting style. What is an example of an authoritarian parent and their child?

parents apply discipline with little attention to the child's autonomy. these parents establish strict rules for their children and punish them for disobeying, without any attempt to teach the children why such rules exist. children tend to be moody, aggressive, and often lack good communication skills.

according to Jean Piaget, what is assimilation? What is an example of it in use?

The process of absorbing new information into an existing schema;

for example, a mother gives her child an orange for the first time. The child rolls it across the table and says "ball." The child assimilated this information... Later he or she will be able to accommodate the orange into a new schema called fruit.

And according to Piaget, what is the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development? What could we expect to see from a child in this stage?

during this stage, infants use their senses and motor activities to explore their environment and develop new schemas. This stage begins at birth and lasts until "significant" language acquisition begins at about age 2. At the beginning of this stage, infants lack object permanence, but at around 9 months, object permanence appears and they understand that things continue to exist even when they are not within view.

According to Diana Baumrind, what parenting style, among children raised in the United States, is most clearly associated with the development of self-reliance and confidence?

authoritative

Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. What is the basis of her critique? (hint: this question is about generalization)

based upon her argument that Kohlberg's theory fails to sufficiently account for differences in experience and outlook between males and females in the course of moral development

What is the concept of conservation? Be able to recognize examples of conservation.

conscious perception that tangible amounts do not vary whenever their appearances are modified. ex. breaking a cookie in half

Ricky is 17 and has been engaging in risky behaviors, such as reckless driving, skipping class, and breaking curfew. What is an explanation for Ricky's actions that most psychologists support?

permissive or indulgent parenting style; Ricky is still developing new neural connections in his brain.

The argument over the relative contributions of heredity and environment in the development of various behaviors and personality traits is known as

nature vs nurture

what is Erik Erikson's last stage in the late adulthood? What occurs at the stage?

(Ego) Integrity v Despair

one reviews and evaluates his or her life and choices made; the person must come to terms with dying, making this stage a time of reflection and evaluation

What did Erik Erikson say was the primary conflict through which a teenager must work through? what might this look like to a parent?

identity vs role confusion

adolescents are going through puberty and become capable of abstract thought. the teenage peer group now provides an important social setting

Describe a permissive parenting style. What outcome can we expect from the child of permissive parents?

parents fail to help children learn about the structure of social rules in which they must live. these parents set few rules, make minimal demands, and allow their children to reach their own decisions.

Children of permissive parents tend to be impulsive, immature, and often fail to respect others.

Drugs, viruses, pollution, or other substances that can cause birth defects when the mother is exposed to them are known as

teratogens

What is theory of mind? What would be an example of a child who has developed the theory of mind?

the ability that children develop to understand people's behavior based on mental states.

for example, you may view yourself as a happy, good natured person, but recognize that others may not always be exactly like you-- others may be angry, hurtful, etc.

Generally speaking, when do married people report their lowest point of marital happiness?

marital satisfaction erodes due to conflicts as children pass through their own adolescent years (most couples experience greater happiness and enjoyment in their relationship after their grown children have left home)