Chapter 1: Matter, Energy, and Measurement

These flashcards cover key concepts and definitions related to matter, energy, and measurement as discussed in the lecture notes.

Scientific Method

A systematic approach used to investigate phenomena, acquire new knowledge, or correct and integrate previous knowledge.

Law vs Theory

A law describes a statement based on repeated experimental observations, while a theory provides an explanation for why those observations occur.

Dalton's Atomic Theory

Incorporates laws such as the law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, and law of multiple proportions.

Physical Change

A change that does not alter the chemical composition of a substance, such as water boiling.

Chemical Change

A change that results in the formation of new chemical substances, such as the evolution of gas from applying an electric current to water.

Density of Lead

The density of lead is 11.34 g/cm3, used to calculate mass and volume in problems.

Significant Figures

The digits in a number that contribute to its precision, particularly in calculations and measurements.

Temperature Conversion

The process of converting temperatures between scales, such as Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.

Milliliters to Liters

Conversion from milliliters to liters is done by dividing the number of milliliters by 1000.

Mass and Volume Relationship

Using density to relate mass and volume is essential for solving problems involving material quantities.

Celsius to Kelvin Conversion

The temperature in Kelvin (K) is calculated by adding 273.15 to the temperature in Celsius (^{\circ}C): TK = TC + 273.15.

Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion

To convert Celsius (^{\circ}C) to Fahrenheit (^{\circ}F), use the formula: TF = \frac{9}{5}TC + 32.

Milliliters to Liters Conversion

To convert milliliters (mL) to liters (L), divide the value by 1000: L = \frac{mL}{1000}.

Density as a Conversion Factor

Density (d = \frac{m}{V}) relates mass (m) and volume (V). To find mass: m = d \times V. To find volume: V = \frac{m}{d}.

Lead Mass-to-Volume Conversion

To convert between mass and volume for lead, you can use the formula: mass = density × volume or volume = mass / density.