4453 Psychopathology Exam 3/Final-Psychotic Disorders, etc.

Positive symptoms of psychosis?

Additions or distortions of normal behavior (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, bizarre behavior).

Negative symptoms of psychosis?

Absence or reduction of normal functioning (flat affect, avolition, anhedonia, low energy).

What are disorganized symptoms of psychosis?

Confused or illogical speech, inappropriate affect, bizarre or erratic behavior.

DSM-5 diagnostic requirement for schizophrenia (symptoms)?

≥2 symptoms for ≥1 month (one must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech).

DSM-5 diagnostic requirement for schizophrenia (duration)?

Continuous signs of disturbance for at least 6 months.

Common positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, bizarre behavior.

Common negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Flat affect, avolition, anhedonia, loss of motivation and energy.

Common disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia?

Loose associations, tangentiality, incoherent speech, inappropriate affect.

What is the prodromal phase of schizophrenia?

Early phase (1–2 years) with subtle symptoms before full psychosis.

Common prodromal symptoms?

Social withdrawal, ideas of reference, magical thinking, poor functioning, low motivation.

Gender differences in schizophrenia?

Occurs equally, but females have later onset and better prognosis.

Worldwide lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia?

About 1%.

Concordance rate for identical (MZ) twins of having schizophrenia?

42%.

Concordance rate for fraternal (DZ) twins of having schizophrenia?

9%.

Key genes associated with schizophrenia risk?

NRG1 (Chr 8), DTNBP1/C4 (Chr 6), COMT (Chr 22).

Why is the COMT gene important in schizophrenia?

t affects dopamine metabolism; dopamine dysregulation is central to schizophrenia.

Key neuroanatomical findings in schizophrenia?

Hypofrontality (reduced prefrontal activity), enlarged ventricles, hippocampal abnormalities.

First-generation antipsychotics?

Thorazine, Haldol.

Major side effect of first-generation antipsychotics?

Tardive dyskinesia.

Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics examples?

Risperdal, Seroquel, Zyprexa, Abilify, Geodon, Latuda.

Advantage of atypical antipsychotics?

Fewer side effects and better response for some patients.

Best overall treatment approach for schizophrenia?

Medication + psychosocial rehabilitation + social support.

Key difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder?

Duration.

Duration of schizophreniform disorder?

1-6 months.

Prognosis of schizophreniform disorder?

Better than schizophrenia; many return to normal functioning.

Lifetime prevalence of schizophreniform disorder?

~0.2%.

Core diagnostic feature of schizoaffective disorder?

Schizophrenia symptoms plus a major mood episode.

DSM-5 requirement distinguishing schizoaffective disorder?

Psychotic symptoms must occur without mood symptoms for part of the illness.

Two types of schizoaffective disorder?

Bipolar type and Depressive type.

Main treatment for schizoaffective disorder?

Medication (antipsychotics ± mood stabilizers/antidepressants).

Duration of brief psychotic disorder?

Less than 1 month.

Typical trigger for brief psychotic disorder?

Severe stress or trauma.

Symptoms in brief psychotic disorder?

Positive psychotic symptoms and/or disorganized symptoms.

Age of onset for delusional disorder?

Later adulthood (35–55 years).

What is shared psychotic disorder?

Delusions shared between closely connected individuals.

Key requirement for folie à deux?

Close relationship + shared belief system.

What is catatonia?

Severe psychomotor disturbance involving immobility, agitation, or odd movements.

Common catatonic symptoms?

Stupor, mutism, rigidity, echolalia, echopraxia.

Key exam strategy for psychotic disorders?

Use duration, mood involvement, substance use, and functional decline.

What are the FOUR most important factors to diagnose psychotic disorders on exams?

Duration, mood symptoms, substance/medical use, and functional impairment.