States of Being - Consciousness and Sleep

Wakeful consciousness

sleep

unconsciousness

what are the 3 states of being?

wakeful consciousness

Characterized by alertness an attentiveness

Sleep

Characterized by muscle relaxation, periods of fast and slow brain waves, unawareness of external stimuli but can be aroused

Unconsciousness

Lack of awareness of external stimuli and hard/impossible to arouse

True

T/F the brain has to work to generate a sleep state

wakefulness

sleep

what states of beings are actively generated brain states?

Circadian rhythm

cycle of wakefulness vs sleep per 24 hours- shifts about once a day

Temperature

hormone

The circadian rhythm has to due with the wakefulness vs sleep cycle per 24 hours along with body __________ and some __________ secretion

True

T/F a circadian rhythm can be established without sunshine

Once a day

the circadian rhythm wakefulness vs sleep cycle shifts about how many times a day?

Diurnal

nocturnal

crepuscular

what are the possible activity patterns? (Like what times of day an individual is wakeful vs asleep)

False; they do!

T/F plants do not have a circadian rhythm

Ultradian rhythm

Cycles that are more frequent than 24 hours (like eating, drinking, and shitting), cycles during wakefulness, and cycles of sleep stages

REM sleep

Non-REM (NREM) sleep

what are the 2 basic sleep states?

REM sleep

In what sleep state are you most likely to have vivid dreams?

Rapid Eye Movement

paradoxical sleep

What does REM stand for? What is another name for REM sleep?

Slow-wave

______-_____ sleep is a prominent part of NREM sleep

short-wave stages

REM sleep

brief arousal

Short-wave stages

what is the typical progression during sleep?

Arousal

synchrony

during the short-wave stages of NREM sleep, there is decreasing _________ and increasing ________ of brain activity

More

The less alert you are (like when sleeping) the (choose one: more/less) the brain can synchronize its activity

Less

synchronized

During stage 4 of slow wave sleep, the brain is (choose one: more/less) active but the activity is _____________

Stage 4

What stage of slow wave sleep is associated with learning and memory functions and is the most restorative?

Beta

alpha

low voltage

theta

delta

beta

On EEG, alert wakefulness brain waves are ____ waves

quiet wakefulness generates _____ waves

stage 1 of slow wave sleep are _____ _________ and spindles

stages 2 and 3 generate ______ waves

stage 4 generate ______ waves

REM sleep generates _____ waves

Day-night

The circadian rhythm is synchronized to ___-_____ photoperiods

Retinal

suprachiasmatic

_______ input to the ______________ nucleus in the hypothalamus can shift your circadian rhythm

pineal

Melatonin is produced by the _______ gland

inhibits

stops

Light (choose one: activates/inhibits) the pineal gland which (choose one: starts/stops) melatonin production

activates

starts

Darkness (choose one: activates/inhibits) the pineal gland which (choose one: starts/stops) melatonin production

Clock

Bmal1

What are the transcription factors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

CRY

PER

what do Clock and Bmal1 start the expression of?

Repressors

CRY and PER and transcription ____________

CRY

PER

In the daytime, Clock and Bmal1 help transcribe DNA to produce ___ and ___ proteins

Nucleus

transcription

DNA

CRY

PER

At night, CRY and PER enter the _________ and repress ___________ of ___ for production of ___ and ___

Transcription

repression

Interplay of ________ and _________ creates a cycle-> the sleep-wake cycle

24 hour

The circadian arousal drive follows a __ _____ cycle

day

night

The circadian arousal drive is high during the (choose one: day/night) and low at (choose one: day/night)

somnogens

adenosine

__________ such as __________ (byproducts of ATP) build up during waking activity

ADP

AMP

adenosine

ATP is broken down into ___ which is broken down into ___ which is finally broken down into __________

Adenosine 2a receptors

what receptors does adenosine act on?

wake-active

basal forebrain

sleep

ventrolateral preoptic

A2a receptors can be inhibitory for example, on ____-______ neurons in the _______ __________, or excitatory for example, on _______ promoting neurons in the ________________ _________ nucleuS

Evening

at what point in the day are adenosine levels at their highest?

Recycled

morning

Adenosine is ___________ during the night and levels are lowest in the ________

A2a

adenosine

Caffeine can block ____ receptors to keep you awake… meaning that _________ cannot dock the receptors

sleep pressure

wake drive

Sleep is most likely when ______ _______ is highest and _____ ______ is lowest

Acetylcholine

glutamate

norepinephrine

dopamine

Serotonin

histamine

GABA

what are the wakefulness neurotransmitters?

Basal forebrain

ACh and GABA act on the _____ __________ in wakefulness

Ventral tegmental

Dopamine acts on the ________ ________ area in wakefulness

Locus coeruleus

Norepinephrine acts on the ______ ______________ in wakefulness

Parabrachial

glutamate acts on the ____________ nucleus in wakefulness

Pedunculopontine

lateraodorsal tegmental

acetylcholine and glutamate act on the _________________ and ____________ ______________ nuclei in wakefulness

orexin

orexin

__________ neurons in the hypothalamus help maintain waking state by activating other wake centers with ________

GABA

galanin (Gal)

NOS (nitric oxide synthase)

what are the neurotransmitters of NREM sleep?

Inhibit wake centers

what do neurotransmitters of NREM sleep generally do?

Basal

ventrolateral

medial preoptic

ventral tegmental

parafacial

GABA acts on the _____ forebrain, ____________ and _______ _________ nuclei, _______ __________ area, and ___________ zone of the brain when it comes to NREM sleep

Ventrolateral

median preoptic

Galanin acts on the _______________ and ______ _________ nuclei of the brain when it comes to NREM sleep

orexin

_______ is like a finger on the light switch that coordinates and stabilizes sleep-wake states

Sleep centers

stabilizes

In the awake state, wake centers inhibit ______ ________ and orexin __________ this

Orexin

wake center

Sleep center inhibit _________ cells and ______ ________

Glutamate

acetylcholine

MCH (melanin-concentrating hormone)

what are the neurotransmitters of REM sleep?

Sublaterodorsal

glutamate acts on _______________ nucleus when it comes to REM sleep

Ventromedial medulla

Premotor

spinal motor

Glutamate activate the sublaterodorsal nucleus during REM sleep which activates ____________ _______ neurons and ____________ neurons to inhibit _________ _________ neurons

Inactivated

LMNs

In REM sleep, you are more likely to have vivid dreams because the motor cortex is ___________ so info is blocked going to the _____

Atonia

Sleep paralysis happens when REM ______ lasts past sleep

False; predators tend to sleep more than prey

T/F prey tend to sleep more than predators

19.9 hours

how long do bats sleep?

15.8 hours

how long do lions sleep?

13.5 hours

how long do lions sleep?

10.6 hours

how long do dogs sleep?

5.3 hours

how long do goats sleep?

2.9 hours

how long do horses sleep?

18 hours

how long do pythons sleep?

14.9 hours

how long do squirrels sleep?

12.1 hours

how long do cats sleep?

7.8 hours

how long do pigs sleep?

3.3 hours

how long do elephants sleep?

1.9 hours

how long do giraffes sleep?

Narcolepsy

excessive sleepiness; abnormal sleep patterns (like fragmented sleep)

Cataplexy

Stimulus induced sudden loss of muscle tone. Attacks are often brought on by eating, excitement or surprise

True

T/F narcolepsy can be inherited or sporadic

Mutation

Orexin receptors

Inherited narcolepsy in dogs is caused by a _________ of ________ ___________

loss

orexin neurons

Sporadic narcoplepsy is caused by a ____ or ________ __________

REM-sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)

Lack of inhibition of spinal motor neurons during REM sleep-> acting out dreams

Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases

what diseases are associated with REM-sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)

if they can be awoken (if they can be awoken= RBD)

How do you tell the difference between a pet having a seizure and a pet with REM-sleep Behavior Disorder?

ventromedial medulla

spinal motor

RBD results from damage in the connection between the ___________ _______ and the ________ _______ neurons

Alert

obtunded

demented

stuporous

comatose

what are the mentation status options?

Alert

Mentation status where Patient pays attention, normal activity level, responds appropriately

Obtunded

Mentation status where Patient is mentally dull; arousal requires mild to moderate stimuli

Demented

Mentation status where patient is compulsive pacing, crazy panting, disoriented

Stuporous

Mentation status where arousal requires strong, even noxious, stimuli

Comatose

Mentation status where arousal is not possible, only reflex activity remains

Influences rest of the exam

why is mental status an important part of a neuro exam?

extensive

diffuse

Lesions affecting consciousness are usually focally __________ or _________

Brainstem

cerebrum

lesions at what two locations can affect consciousness?

forebrain

encephalopathy

forebrain

brainstem

midbrain

pons

Causes of altered consciousness:

diffuse, bilateral ____________ lesion

metabolic or toxic ______________

large focal _____________ lesions

lesions of ___________, especially __________ and _____