science quiz immune system

Germ theory

Germ theory

Microorganisms called germs. Pasteur and koch proposed microorganism to be the cause of infectious diseases.

Infectious disease

disruption of normal body functions spread by direct or indirect contact

pathogens

microorganisms and viruses that cause disease

Non specific

Consists of the first and second lines of defense

First line of defense

Skin, tears, saliva, mucus, secretions contain lysozymes: which break up microorganism membranes.

Second line

Inflammatory response, swelling, redness, heat, pain and inflammation.

Mast cells

histamine cell for increased blood flow to the affected area

Fever

Body temperature is elevated to speed up immune response

Specific defense

Recognize self and non self

Antigens(protein)

pathogens have these on their outer surface. Help to identify the pathogen

Lymphocytes

white blood cell

Antibody

recognizes antigen because they have a matching shape

Helper T cell function

activates a b cell

B cell function

B cells lead to plasma cells and Memory B cells

Plasma cells

make lots of antibodies (unbound/free floating)

Memory B cell

excess antibodies are stored in the memory B cells to remember how to get rid of a certain virus

B cell+Helper T cell

equals Plasma cell and Memory B cell

Humoral Immunity

1. Pathogen enters the body(1st line of defense breached)

2. Inflammatory response

3. (HI starts)B cell antibody matches the pathogen’s antigen(ID)

4. Helper T cell activates production of memory B cells and plasma cells

5. Memory B cells remember and store antibodies, specific to the antigen used for a possible future attack by the same antigen(later)

6. Plasma cells are produced releasing antibodies to fight the pathogen(Now)

Vaccines

1.An inactive, weakened version of the pathogen is injected into the body.

2.Antibodies are made

3. Immune response is faster upon future exposure (secondary response)

Cell mediated Immunity

Pathogen enters the body, Inflammatory response(non specific defense)

1.Macrophage(phagocyte-WBC) engulf pathogen and display the antigens on its own surface

2.Helper T cells detect the macrophage and make more copies of Helper T cells

3a.Helper T cell makes memory T cells

3b.Helper T cell activates cytotoxic T cells(always being produced in the enzymes)

Immune system disorders

Sometimes the immune system overreacts to antigen.(Kawasaki, Aids, Lupus)

allergies

body’s inflammatory response to allergens(pet dander, pollen and food allergies)

Asthma

constriction of airways (hereditary and environmental causes)

Autoimmune disease

non recognition of self cells

Passive immunity

Natural: placenta, breast milk. Allows nutrients, oxygen and antibodies. Injection of externally produced antibodies. Temporary.

Active Immunity

Natural exposure: infection. Prevented by vaccines and making antibodies. Long lasting.

Capsid

protein coat surrounding a virus(Have DNA or RNA0

Virus Reproduction

A virus is nonliving.

Viruses can reproduce only by infecting living cells. A virus antigen attaches on host cell receptors.

Classifying Prokaryotes

Unicellular

No nucleus

DNA in cytoplasm

Bacteria or Archaea

Typical Bacterial Structure

Bacteria include a wide range of organisms; many phyla are needed to classify this group.

Structure and Function of Prokaryotes

vary in size, shape, and movement.No movementPropelled by flagella, Glide on secretions

Bacilli

Rod shaped

Cocci

spherical

Spirilla

spiral

Aids(HIV)

Helper T cell, which are needed for normal immune system function, are destroyed. Sexual contact; contact with contaminated blood or body fluids; can be passed to babies during delivery or during breastfeeding.

Tuberculosis

Fatigue, weight loss, fever, night sweats, chills, appetite loss, bloody sputum from lungs. Bacteria particles are inhaled.

What Are Fungi?

Heterotrophic eukaryotes

What are Protists?

Protists are eukaryotes; not members of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms.

Some protists are more like members of other kingdoms.

Antibiotics

medicine that fights bacterial infections (only)

How can bacteria change?

Bacteria can mutate very quickly to become resistant to the antibiotics which leads humans to make stronger antibodies. Bacteria have evolved.