AP PYSC

IM SO FUCKED

Development

Development

The process of growth and change in physical, cognitive, and social aspects throughout life.

Cross-sectional Research

A study comparing different age groups at one point in time.

Longitudinal Research

A study that follows the same group of individuals over a long period.

Teratogens

Environmental agents that can cause harm during prenatal development.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A condition caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to physical and cognitive impairments.

Maturation

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, largely uninfluenced by experience.

Fine Motor Skills

Small muscle movements, such as grasping.

Gross Motor Skills

Large muscle movements, such as walking.

Infant Reflexes

Automatic responses present at birth, like rooting and grasping.

Visual Cliff

A tool used to study infants' depth perception.

Phonemes

The smallest units of sound in language.

Morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in language.

Grammar

The rules for combining words, including syntax and semantics.

Overgeneralization

Applying language rules too broadly, such as saying "goed" instead of "went."

Schemas

Mental frameworks used to organize information.

Assimilation

Incorporating new information into existing schemas.

Accommodation

Adjusting schemas to fit new information.

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, focusing on sensory and motor experiences.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's second stage, characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentrism.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's third stage, where logical thinking about concrete events develops.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's fourth stage, involving abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

Conservation

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance.

Ecological Systems Theory

The theory focusing on the social environment's impact on development.

Attachment Theory

The concept that infants bond with caregivers for comfort and security.

Secure Attachment

A style where infants feel safe exploring when the caregiver is present.

Insecure Attachment

A style where infants may be anxious or avoidant of the caregiver.

Temperament

A person's characteristic emotional reactivity.

Parenting Styles

Different approaches to raising children, including authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and uninvolved.

Identity Diffusion

A status where there is no exploration or commitment to identity.

Identity Moratorium

A status of exploration without commitment.

Identity Achievement

A status of exploration followed by commitment.

Erikson’s Stages

Eight stages of psychosocial development, each with a specific conflict and virtue.

Social Clock

The culturally preferred timing for major life events.

Puberty

The period of sexual maturation.

Primary Sex Characteristics

Body structures directly related to reproduction.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Non-reproductive traits that develop during puberty.

Menarche

The first menstrual period.

Spermarche

The first ejaculation.

Synaptic Pruning

The process of eliminating unused neurons during adolescence.

Menopause

The end of menstruation and reproductive capacity in women.

Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge that increases with age.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to reason quickly and abstractly, which declines in late adulthood.

Dementia

A broad category of cognitive decline.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that triggers a response after association with UCS.

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to the CS.

Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response.

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause.

Reinforcement

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding something desirable to increase behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing something undesirable to increase behavior.

Nature vs Nuture

Is development influenced more by genetics or environmental factors?

Trust v Mistrust

Erikson Stages 0-1yr

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

Erikson Stages 1-3yrs

Idustry vs Inferiority

Erikson Stages 7-11yrs

Identity vs Confusion

Adolescence

Itimacy vs Isolation

Erikson Stages: 19-29yrs

Generativity vs stagnation

Erikson Stage 30-64yrs

Integrity vs Despair

Erikson Stages: 65 onward

John Watson’s Research

Founder of behaviorism; famous for the "Little Albert" experiment.

Habituation

Decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimuli.

Aversion

Learning to avoid a certain stimulus after an unpleasant experience
(Me when I look at sahil)

Higher-order Conditioning

When a CS is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second CS.

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency for similar stimuli to elicit the same response.

E.L. Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by favorable outcomes are more likely to be repeated

Positive Reinforcement

Adding something desirable (e.g., reward).

Negative Reinforcement

removing something undesirable (e.g., turning off an alarm).

Positive Punishment

Adding something undesirable (e.g., extra chores).

Negative Punishment

Removing something desirable (e.g., taking away phone).

Martin Seligman’s Learned Helplessness

When an organism gives up trying to avoid negative stimuli after repeated failure.

Instinctive Drift

tendency of an organism to revert to instinctual behaviors.

Shaping

Gradually reinforcing behaviors that lead up to the desired behavior.

Albert Bandura’s Research

Known for the Bobo Doll experiment, which demonstrated observational learning.

Edward Tolman’s Research:

Demonstrated latent learning with rats in mazes.

Ivan Pavlov’s Research

discovered classical conditioning through experiments with dogs.