Studied by 3 people
IM SO FUCKED
Development
The process of growth and change in physical, cognitive, and social aspects throughout life.
Cross-sectional Research
A study comparing different age groups at one point in time.
Longitudinal Research
A study that follows the same group of individuals over a long period.
Teratogens
Environmental agents that can cause harm during prenatal development.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
A condition caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to physical and cognitive impairments.
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, largely uninfluenced by experience.
Fine Motor Skills
Small muscle movements, such as grasping.
Gross Motor Skills
Large muscle movements, such as walking.
Infant Reflexes
Automatic responses present at birth, like rooting and grasping.
Visual Cliff
A tool used to study infants' depth perception.
Phonemes
The smallest units of sound in language.
Morphemes
The smallest units of meaning in language.
Grammar
The rules for combining words, including syntax and semantics.
Overgeneralization
Applying language rules too broadly, such as saying "goed" instead of "went."
Schemas
Mental frameworks used to organize information.
Assimilation
Incorporating new information into existing schemas.
Accommodation
Adjusting schemas to fit new information.
Sensorimotor Stage
Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, focusing on sensory and motor experiences.
Preoperational Stage
Piaget's second stage, characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentrism.
Concrete Operational Stage
Piaget's third stage, where logical thinking about concrete events develops.
Formal Operational Stage
Piaget's fourth stage, involving abstract and hypothetical reasoning.
Conservation
Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance.
Ecological Systems Theory
The theory focusing on the social environment's impact on development.
Attachment Theory
The concept that infants bond with caregivers for comfort and security.
Secure Attachment
A style where infants feel safe exploring when the caregiver is present.
Insecure Attachment
A style where infants may be anxious or avoidant of the caregiver.
Temperament
A person's characteristic emotional reactivity.
Parenting Styles
Different approaches to raising children, including authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and uninvolved.
Identity Diffusion
A status where there is no exploration or commitment to identity.
Identity Moratorium
A status of exploration without commitment.
Identity Achievement
A status of exploration followed by commitment.
Erikson’s Stages
Eight stages of psychosocial development, each with a specific conflict and virtue.
Social Clock
The culturally preferred timing for major life events.
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation.
Primary Sex Characteristics
Body structures directly related to reproduction.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Non-reproductive traits that develop during puberty.
Menarche
The first menstrual period.
Spermarche
The first ejaculation.
Synaptic Pruning
The process of eliminating unused neurons during adolescence.
Menopause
The end of menstruation and reproductive capacity in women.
Crystallized Intelligence
Accumulated knowledge that increases with age.
Fluid Intelligence
The ability to reason quickly and abstractly, which declines in late adulthood.
Dementia
A broad category of cognitive decline.
Classical Conditioning
A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that triggers a response after association with UCS.
Conditioned Response (CR)
The learned response to the CS.
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response.
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause.
Reinforcement
Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
Positive Reinforcement
Adding something desirable to increase behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Removing something undesirable to increase behavior.
Nature vs Nuture
Is development influenced more by genetics or environmental factors?
Trust v Mistrust
Erikson Stages 0-1yr
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Erikson Stages 1-3yrs
Idustry vs Inferiority
Erikson Stages 7-11yrs
Identity vs Confusion
Adolescence
Itimacy vs Isolation
Erikson Stages: 19-29yrs
Generativity vs stagnation
Erikson Stage 30-64yrs
Integrity vs Despair
Erikson Stages: 65 onward
John Watson’s Research
Founder of behaviorism; famous for the "Little Albert" experiment.
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimuli.
Aversion
Learning to avoid a certain stimulus after an unpleasant experience
(Me when I look at sahil)
Higher-order Conditioning
When a CS is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second CS.
Stimulus Generalization
The tendency for similar stimuli to elicit the same response.
E.L. Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Behaviors followed by favorable outcomes are more likely to be repeated
Positive Reinforcement
Adding something desirable (e.g., reward).
Negative Reinforcement
removing something undesirable (e.g., turning off an alarm).
Positive Punishment
Adding something undesirable (e.g., extra chores).
Negative Punishment
Removing something desirable (e.g., taking away phone).
Martin Seligman’s Learned Helplessness
When an organism gives up trying to avoid negative stimuli after repeated failure.
Instinctive Drift
tendency of an organism to revert to instinctual behaviors.
Shaping
Gradually reinforcing behaviors that lead up to the desired behavior.
Albert Bandura’s Research
Known for the Bobo Doll experiment, which demonstrated observational learning.
Edward Tolman’s Research:
Demonstrated latent learning with rats in mazes.
Ivan Pavlov’s Research
discovered classical conditioning through experiments with dogs.
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