AP PYSC

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76 Terms

1

Development

The process of growth and change in physical, cognitive, and social aspects throughout life.

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2

Cross-sectional Research

A study comparing different age groups at one point in time.

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3

Longitudinal Research

A study that follows the same group of individuals over a long period.

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4

Teratogens

Environmental agents that can cause harm during prenatal development.

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5

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A condition caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to physical and cognitive impairments.

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6

Maturation

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, largely uninfluenced by experience.

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7

Fine Motor Skills

Small muscle movements, such as grasping.

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8

Gross Motor Skills

Large muscle movements, such as walking.

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9

Infant Reflexes

Automatic responses present at birth, like rooting and grasping.

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10

Visual Cliff

A tool used to study infants' depth perception.

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11

Phonemes

The smallest units of sound in language.

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12

Morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in language.

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13

Grammar

The rules for combining words, including syntax and semantics.

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14

Overgeneralization

Applying language rules too broadly, such as saying "goed" instead of "went."

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15

Schemas

Mental frameworks used to organize information.

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16

Assimilation

Incorporating new information into existing schemas.

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17

Accommodation

Adjusting schemas to fit new information.

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18

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, focusing on sensory and motor experiences.

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19

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's second stage, characterized by symbolic thinking and egocentrism.

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20

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's third stage, where logical thinking about concrete events develops.

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21

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's fourth stage, involving abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

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22

Conservation

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance.

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23

Ecological Systems Theory

The theory focusing on the social environment's impact on development.

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24

Attachment Theory

The concept that infants bond with caregivers for comfort and security.

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25

Secure Attachment

A style where infants feel safe exploring when the caregiver is present.

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26

Insecure Attachment

A style where infants may be anxious or avoidant of the caregiver.

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27

Temperament

A person's characteristic emotional reactivity.

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28

Parenting Styles

Different approaches to raising children, including authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and uninvolved.

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29

Identity Diffusion

A status where there is no exploration or commitment to identity.

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30

Identity Moratorium

A status of exploration without commitment.

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31

Identity Achievement

A status of exploration followed by commitment.

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32

Erikson’s Stages

Eight stages of psychosocial development, each with a specific conflict and virtue.

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33

Social Clock

The culturally preferred timing for major life events.

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34

Puberty

The period of sexual maturation.

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35

Primary Sex Characteristics

Body structures directly related to reproduction.

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36

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Non-reproductive traits that develop during puberty.

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37

Menarche

The first menstrual period.

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38

Spermarche

The first ejaculation.

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39

Synaptic Pruning

The process of eliminating unused neurons during adolescence.

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40

Menopause

The end of menstruation and reproductive capacity in women.

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41

Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge that increases with age.

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42

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to reason quickly and abstractly, which declines in late adulthood.

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43

Dementia

A broad category of cognitive decline.

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44

Classical Conditioning

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus.

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45

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

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46

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that triggers a response after association with UCS.

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47

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to the CS.

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48

Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response.

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49

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause.

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50

Reinforcement

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

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51

Positive Reinforcement

Adding something desirable to increase behavior.

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52

Negative Reinforcement

Removing something undesirable to increase behavior.

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53

Nature vs Nuture

Is development influenced more by genetics or environmental factors?

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54

Trust v Mistrust

Erikson Stages 0-1yr

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55

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

Erikson Stages 1-3yrs

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56

Idustry vs Inferiority

Erikson Stages 7-11yrs

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57

Identity vs Confusion

Adolescence

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58

Itimacy vs Isolation

Erikson Stages: 19-29yrs

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59

Generativity vs stagnation

Erikson Stage 30-64yrs

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60

Integrity vs Despair

Erikson Stages: 65 onward

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61

John Watson’s Research

Founder of behaviorism; famous for the "Little Albert" experiment.

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62

Habituation

Decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimuli.

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63

Aversion

Learning to avoid a certain stimulus after an unpleasant experience
(Me when I look at sahil)

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64

Higher-order Conditioning

When a CS is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second CS.

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65

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency for similar stimuli to elicit the same response.

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66

E.L. Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by favorable outcomes are more likely to be repeated

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67

Positive Reinforcement

Adding something desirable (e.g., reward).

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68

Negative Reinforcement

removing something undesirable (e.g., turning off an alarm).

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69

Positive Punishment

Adding something undesirable (e.g., extra chores).

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70

Negative Punishment

Removing something desirable (e.g., taking away phone).

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71

Martin Seligman’s Learned Helplessness

When an organism gives up trying to avoid negative stimuli after repeated failure.

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72

Instinctive Drift

tendency of an organism to revert to instinctual behaviors.

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73

Shaping

Gradually reinforcing behaviors that lead up to the desired behavior.

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74

Albert Bandura’s Research

Known for the Bobo Doll experiment, which demonstrated observational learning.

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75

Edward Tolman’s Research:

Demonstrated latent learning with rats in mazes.

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76

Ivan Pavlov’s Research

discovered classical conditioning through experiments with dogs.

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