ap exam

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Manipulation of an INDEPENDENT VARIABLE under controlled conditions, and MEASUREMENTS of the effects on the DEPENDENT VARIABLE.

Experiment

Measurement of the DEPENDENT VARIABLE when RANDOM ASSIGNMENT is NOT POSSIBLE

Quasi-Experiment

careful OBSERVATION of humans or other animals in REAL LIFE SITUATIONS

Naturalistic Observation

obtain LARGE SAMPLES of abilities, beliefs, or behaviors at a SPECIFIC TIME and PLACE

Surveys and Tests

INTENSIVE INVESTIGATION of the BEHAVIOR and MENTAL PROCESSES associated with a specific PERSON or SITUATION

Case Studies

Can establish CAUSE and EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS between the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE and DEPENDENT VARIABLE, but the ability to GENERALIZE to the REAL WORLD BEHAVIOR can be limited.

What are the KEY STRENGTHS and WEAKNESSES of EXPERIMENTS?

Can provide STRONG EVIDENCE suggesting CAUSE and EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS, but the LACK OF RANDOM ASSIGNMENT can WEAKEN CONCLUSIONS.

What are the KEY STRENGTHS and WEAKNESSES of QUASI-EXPERIMENTS?

provides DESCRIPTIVE DATA about BEHAVIOR with WIDE APPLICABILITY, but theres a LOSS OF EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL

What are the KEY STRENGTHS and WEAKNESSES of NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION?

Theres the EASE of ADMINISTRATION, SCORING, and STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, but there can be DISTORTED RESULTS due to SAMPLING ERROR, POOR PHRASING, and RESPONSE BIASES

What are the KEY STRENGTHS and WEAKNESSES of SURVEYS and TESTS?

can provide DETAILED DESCRIPTIVE DATA and ANALYSES of new COMPLEX or RARE PHENOMENA, but it may not be REPRESENTATIVE of PHENOMENA

What are the KEY STRENGTHS and WEAKNESSES of CASE STUDIES?

When both the DEPENDENT and INDEPENDENT variables increase/decrease in the same direction.

What is a POSITIVE CORRELATION?

When the DEPENDENT and INDEPENDENT variables move in opposite directions.

What is a NEGATIVE CORRELATION?

+1 or -1 measures how STRONG a correlation is, with +! being perfect POSITIVE and -1 being perfect NEGATIVE.

What does a -1 and/or +1 CORRELATION COEFFICIENT mean?

The POPULATION is the ENTIRE SET of people you're trying to REPRESENT in your STUDY.

What does POPULATION mean?

The SAMPLE is the people DERIVING from the POPULATION you are STUDYING.

What does SAMPLE mean?

the REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE gives an ACCURATE REPRESENTATION of the population.

What is a REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE?

A RANDOM SAMPLE is a SAMPLE from the POPULATION chosen at RANDOM.

What is a RANDOM SAMPLE?

the STRATEFIED SAMPLE isolates the POPULATION into GROUPS and RANDOMLY CHOOSES from those groups.

What is a STRATEFIED SAMPLE?

the OPERATIONAL DEFINITION DESCRIBES the PROCEDURES needed to conduct the EXPERIMENT.

What is an OPERATIONAL DEFINITION?

RANDOM ASSIGNMENT is when people from the SAMPLE are chosen at RANDOM to either the EXPERIMENTAL group or CONTROL group.

What is RANDOM ASSIGNMENT?

The CONTROL GROUP is the group used to COMPARE RESULTS from the EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

What is the CONTROL GROUP?

Fear of CONFRIMING NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES about one's RACE, ETHNICITY, or SEXUALITY

What is stereotype threat?

the POWER of AUTHORITY

What did MILGRAM's SHOCK EXPRERIMENT demonstrate?

people's TENDENCY to OVEREMPHASIZE personal CHARACTERISTS and IGNORE SITUATIONAL FACTORS in JUDGING one's BEHAVIOR

What is FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR?

Soloman ASCH

WHO conducted the CONFORMITY EXPERIMENT that MATCHED LINES

the SMALLEST UNIT of LANGUAGE that can CARRY MEANING

what is a MORPHEME

JOY, DISGUST, ANGER, FEAR, and SADNESS

What are the UNIVERSAL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS by PAUL EKMAN

aaron BECK

who is regarded as the FATHER of COGNITVE THERAPY

BIPOLAR disorders

What DISORDERS is LITHIUM SALT used to treat?

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL therapy

what does CBT stand for?

HUMANISTIC

what TREATMENT advocates for UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD for the CLIENT?

PHOBIAS, PTSD, GAD, PANIC DISORDER, SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER,

What are the ANXIETY DISORDERS?

schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, avoidant, OCPD.

What are the PERSONALITY DISORDERS?

CLINICAL DISORDERS

What is AXIS I of the DSM-IV?

PERSONALITY disorders

What is AXIS II of the DSM-IV?

GENERAL MEDICAL conditions

What is AXIS III of the DSM-IV?

PSYCHOSOCIAL and ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

What is AXIS IV of the DSM-IV?

the GLOBAL ASSESSMENT of FUNCTIONING

What is AXIS V of the DSM-IV?

18-25 YEARS

what is the AVERAGE AGE of ONSET for SCHIZOPHRENIA

SOMATISATION DISORDER, HYPOCHONDRIASIS, CONVERSION DISORDER, BODY DISMORPHIC DISORDER, and PAIN DISORDER.

What are the SOMATOFORM/SOMATIC DISORDERS/DISEASES

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

what are the BIG 5 PERSONALITY traits?

Extraversion-Introversion, Intuition-Sensing, Thought-Feeling, and Judgement-Perception.

What are the DIMENSIONS of the MYERS-BRIGGS PERSONALITY test?

When one is confronted with TWO CHOICES that are EQUALLY GOOD and can ONLY CHOOSE ONE

What is the APPROACH-APPROACH MOTIVATIONAL CONFLICT?

Edward THORNDIKE

Who proposed the LAW of EFFECT?

PHYSICAL CHANGES in the BODY happen FIRST, which leads to EMOTION.

What is the JAMES-LANGE theory?

UNLEARNED drives that are needed to SURVIVE

What are PRIMARY DRIVES

Drives that are LEARNED through EXPERIENCE

what are SECONDARY DRIVES?

John WATSON

Who conducted the LITTLE ALBERT experiment?

CLASSICAL conditioning

What CONDITIONING was used in IVAN PAVLOV's experiment with DOGS?

FIXED RATIO schedule (FR)

What REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE rewards based on a FIXED number of RESONSES?

CONTINUOUS reinforcement (CRF)

what REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE is delivered CONTINOUSLY and comes AFTER a TARGET BEHAVIOR

VARIABLE-RATIO SCHEDULE (VR)

what REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE VARIED or RANDOM amount of TARGET RESPONSES?

FIXED-INTERVAL schedule (FI)

what REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE becomes AVAILABLE after a SPECIFIC period of TIME?

VARIABLE-INTERVAL schedule (VI)

what REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE in which REINFORCEMENT is GIVEN after a SPECIFIC amount of TIME, but on a RANDOM schedule?

a RAT was placed in a BOX, and a LEVER would deliver a STIMULUS

What happened in B.F SKINNER's BOX experiment?

the group in an experiment that RECEIVES the VARIABLE being tested

What is the EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

The VARIABLE that does NOT depend on another VARIABLE

what is the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

the VARIABLE that DOES depend on ANOTHER variable

what is the DEPENDENT VARIABLE

variables that can SKEW RESULTS of an EXPERIMENT

what are CONFOUNDING/LURKING VARIABLES

a study in which the participants are UNAWARE of whether they are in the CONTROL group or the EXPERIMENTAL group

what is a BLIND study

A study in which BOTH the SUBJECTS and the RESEARCHERS do not know which SUBJECTS are in WHICH group.

what is a DOUBLE BLIND study

mean, median, and mode

what are the MEASURES of CENTRAL TENDENCY

around 68% of scores are WITHIN 1 STANDARD DEVIATION, 95% WITHIN 2 STANDARD DEVIATIONS, and 99% WITHIN 3 STANDARD DEVIATIONS

what is the 68%-95%-99% RULE?

the MEASURE of how much SCORES VARY around the MEAN.

What is STANDARD DEVIATION?

the SQARE ROOT of the sum of deviations divided by the number of scores -1.

what is the formula for STANDARD DEVIATION?

a measure of the PROBABLITY that a RESEARCH OUTCOME can not be attributed to CHANCE.

what is STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

the PROBABILITY that a HYPOTHESIS is FALSE

what is p VALUE (

the IRB MONITORS and REVIEWS RESEARCH on HUMANS

what does the INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB) do?

informed consent is when POTENTIAL SUBJECTS in a study are AWARE of potential RISKS, DISCOMFORT, and LENGTH of time in a study before AGREEING.

what is INFORMED CONSENT?

Confidentiality is when personal, private information is kept private.

what is CONFIDENTIALITY?

this is when psychologists HAVE to TAKE MEASURES to make sure CLIENTS are FREE FROM HARM

what is the DO NOT HARM clause?

Debriefing is when researchers EXPLAINS the PURPOSE of the STUDY, and EXPLAINS TECHNIQUES used to conduct the EXPERIMENT to the PARTICIPANTS.

what is DEBRIEFING?

this is a principle most HUMAN studies have to abide by where researchers CAN NOT DECIEVE or COERCE subjects in a STUDY.

What is NO DECEPTION or COERCION?

psychologist that conducted the PRISON STUDY and specialized in CULT BEHAVIOR and MIND CONTROL

who was phillip ZIMBARDO?

FUNCTIONALIST psychologist that came up with the JAMES-LANGE THEORY of EMOTION, published the PRINCIPLES of PSYCHOLOGY.

who was william JAMES

an individual who survived an EXPLOSION which caused a METAL ROD to pass through his BRAIN, which caused CHANGES in BEHAVIOR and PERSONALITY.

who was phineas GAGE

SOCIAL psychologist that specialized in CONFORMITY and GESTALT principles, who conducted the ASCH Experiment

who was solomon ASCH?

BEHAVIORIST psychologist who created OPERANT conditioning, along with the techniques such as contingency management, extinction, modeling, and token economy.

who was B.F SKINNER?

STRUCTURALIST psychologist known for EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

who was willhelm WUNDT?

DEVELOPMENTAL psychologist known for the ATTACHMENT THEORY, STRANGE SITUATION PROCEDURE, and experiments on CHILDREN.

who was mary AINSWORTH?

CLINICAL and DEVELOPMENTAL psychologist on PARENTING STYLES.

who was diana BAUMRIND?

SOCIAL and COGNITIVE psychologist who worked with PRIMATES on SEPERATION, DEPENDENCY, and ISOLATION, best known for his SURROGATE MOTHER experiment.

who was harry HARLOW?

DEVELOPMENTAL and PSYCHOANALYST psychologist who developed the PSYCHOSOCIAL stages of DEVELOPMENT and coined the term IDENTITY CRISIS.

who was erik ERIKSON?

psychologist that founded PSYCHOANALYSIS, the THEORY of MOTIVATION, and PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES of DEVELOPMENT.

who was sigmund FREUD?

DEVELOPMENTAL psychologist that created the STAGES of COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.

who was jean PIAGET

DEVELOPMENTAL psychologist that created the THEORY of STAGES of MORAL DEVELOPMENT.

who was lawrence KOHLBURG?

Psychologist who coined the LAW OF EFFECT and COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY

who was edward THORNDIKE

EXPERIMENTAL psychologist who developed CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

who was ivan PAVLOV

COGNITIVE, DEVELOPMENTAL, CLINICAL, and EDUCATIONAL psychologist who developed SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY and SELF-EFFICACY

who was albert BANDURA?

BIG 5 PERSONALITY TRAITS

what did COSTA and MCCRAE MAKE?

psychologist who conducted the MILGRAM EXPERIMENT.

who was stanley MILGRAM

PSYCHOANALYST psychologist who created the theory of the COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS,

who was carl JUNG?

HUMANISTIC psychologist who developed CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY

who was carl RODGERS?

EXPERIMENTAL psychologist who came up with the BINET-SIMON INTELLIGENCE SCALE

who was alfred BINET?

a MENTAL STATE in which something is forced to bear UNPLEASANT or PAINFUL STIMULI, and becomes UNWILLING to AVOID STIMULI after a PERIOD of TIME

what is LEARNED HELPLESSNESS?

motivation for a PERSONAL GOAL

what is INTRINSIC MOTIVIATION?

motivation for meeting a EXTERNAL GOAL

what is EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION?

tendency to approach a problem in a SET WAY that LIMITS a NEW APPROACH to that problem.

what is FIXATION in PROBLEM SOLVING?

when one's DESIRE is tied to an EARLIER phase in one's PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

what is FIXATION in FREUD's stages of PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT?

PHYSIOLOGICAL (food and clothing), SAFETY (personal security), LOVE AND BELONGING (relationships and connections), ESTEEM (self esteem), and SELF-ACTUALIZATION (achieving one's full potential)

what are the stages of MASLOW'S HIERARCHY of NEEDS?