Untitled Flashcards Set

Leaves

The organ of photosynthesis in land plants.

Roots and Vascularity

Structures that provide support and help in the flow of nutrients and water.

Seeds

Structures that facilitate the growth of an embryo.

Fruits and Flowers

Structures that protect seeds.

Alternation of Generation

The switching between ploidy levels in the life cycle of plants.

Sporophyte

The diploid generation in plants, represented as (2n).

Gametophyte

The haploid generation in plants, represented as (n).

Bryophytes

Nonvascular plants, such as moss, that require moisture for sperm mobility and lack real roots.

Xylem

The vascular tissue responsible for water transport from roots upwards.

Phloem

The vascular tissue responsible for transporting sugars from photosynthesis to the roots.

Sporangia

Structures where spores are held in vascular seedless plants such as ferns.

Gymnosperms

Plants with naked seeds, which have no flowers or fruits.

Pollen

The male gamete or sperm of plants.

Angiosperms

Plants that produce flowers and fruits to protect their seeds.

Stamen

The male reproductive part of a flower consisting of anther and filament.

Carpel

The female reproductive part of a flower consisting of stigma, style, and ovary/ovule.

Monocots

Plants with parallel veins in leaves, grouped flowers of three.

Dicots

Plants with veined leaves, taproot system, grouped flowers of five.

Multicellularity

One of the four characteristics common to all animals, indicating they are composed of multiple cells.

Gastrulation

The process during which a blastula folds in on itself to form germ layers.

Ectoderm

The outer layer that develops into the skin and nervous system.

Endoderm

The inner layer that develops into the digestive tract.

Protostomes

Organisms that develop with three germ layers and a mesoderm. Mouth then anus

Deuterostomes

Organisms that develop with two germ layers. Anus then mouth

Coelom

A body cavity within organisms.

Acoelomate

An organism without a body cavity.

Pseudocoelomate

An organism with a fluid-filled body cavity that loosely holds organs.

Coelomate

An organism with a true body cavity.

Porifera

The phylum that includes sponges, characterized by no tissues and porous structure, collar cells

Cnidarians

The phylum that includes jellyfish and corals, characterized by cnidocytes and tissue-level organization.

Platyhelminthes

The phylum that includes flatworms, which have rudimentary digestive and nervous systems, eyespots, tissues

Nematoda

The phylum that includes roundworms, characterized by being unsegmented and pseudocoelomates.

Mollusca

The phylum that includes mollusks, characterized by a mantle, a muscular foot for movement, and Visceral mass

Annelida

The phylum that includes segmented worms, characterized by gas exchange through skin and aortic arches

Arthropoda

The phylum that includes crabs and insects, characterized by a segmented body and an exoskeleton.

Chelicerae: fused head, thorax, and grasping jaws

Mandibulates: chewing jaws

Radial Symmetry

Symmetry type found in Echinoderms like starfish.

Bilateral Symmetry

Symmetry type found in most animal phyla including Chordates.

Amniotic Egg

A major evolutionary trait of reptiles and mammals that protects and nourishes the embryo.

4 characteristics of chordates

• notochord — spine

• nerve cord — spinal cord and brain

• pharyngeal slits — gills, ear structure, jaw

• postanal tail — tailbone

dermal denticle examples

scales, feathers, teeth, hair, mammary glands

4 characteristics of all animals

1. multicellularity

2. eukaryotic

3. heterotrophy

4. extracellular matrix