All Biology +2 Examples

30 minutes pollen viability

rice, wheat

months pollen viability

leguminoseae, rosaceae

syncarpous

papaver

apocarpous

michelia

monoecy i.e. male and female flowers on same plant

maize, castor

dioecy i.e. male and female flowers on different plants

papaya

flowers with both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers

commelina, oxalis, viola

tallest flower

Amorphophallus

large inflorescence for anemophilly

corn cob

pollen at 2 cell stage percent

60

how many species hydrophilly

30

aquatic plants with anemophilly

water lily, water hyacinth

wind pollination common in

grasses

surface of water pollination

vallisneria, hydrilla (fresh water)

submerged pollination

seagrasses like zostera (marine)

most common biotic pollinator

bees

endosperm consumed in

pea, groundnut, beans

persistent endosperm

castor, coconut, wheat, maize, barley

scutellum

grass

non albuminous seeds

pea, groundnut, beans

albuminous seeds

coconut, castor, wheat, maize, barley

perisperm/ persistent nucellus

black pepper, beet

how much water in seeds

10 to 15 percent

fleshy fruits

apple, guava, mango orange

dry fruits

groundnut, mustard

thalamic fruits

cashew, apple, strawberry

oldest seed

lupinus arcticus from arctic tundra

nucellar cells form embryo

citrus, mango

length of testis

4-5 cm

width of testis

2-3 cm

length of ovaries

2-4 cm

fallopian tube length

10-12 cm

lobules per testis

250

seminiferous tubules per lobule

2 to 3

mammary lobes per breast

15 to 20

sperms per coitus

200 million

normal shape sperms

60 percent

vigorous motility sperms

40 percent

primary follicles per ovary

60,000 to 80,000

apomixis

asteraceae, grasses

family planning initiated in

1951

RCH

reproductive and child health care

how many varieties chosen by mendel

14

Punnett square by

reginald c punnett

incomplete dominance example

flower color in dog flower (antirrhinum/ snapdragon)

codominance example

blood group

number of genotypes, phenotypes of blood group

6, 3

multiple allele example

blood group

rediscovered mendel's work

de vries, correns, von tschermak

noticed chromosome behaviour was parallel to genes

sutton, boveri

chromosomal theory of inheritance given by

sutton

drosophilla completes life cycle in

2 weeks

thomas hunt morgan worked on

drosophilla melanogaster

linkage discovered by

thomas hunt morgan

who did morgan cross

yellow-bodied, white-eyed females to brown-bodied, red-eyed males

recombination in white and yellow

1.3 percent

recombination in white and miniature wing

37.2 percent

mapped chromosome linkage

albert strutevant

polygenic

skin color

pleiotropic

phenylketonuria, starch synthesis in peas

discovered x chromosome, called it x factor

henking

XO Type of sex determination

grasshopper

females have ZW in

poultry

chromosomal aberraations common in

cancer cells

phenylketonurea causes mutation in which enzyme

phenyl alanine hydroxylase

symptoms of phenylketonurea

mental retardation, reduction in hair, skin pigmentation

haemophilia

x linked recessive

Myotonic dystophy

autosomal dominant

sickle cell anaemia

autosomal recessive

color blindness

x linked recessive

sickle cell anaemia caused due to

replacement of glutamic acid by valine on 6th position of beta chain of haemoglobin

phenylketonuria

autosomal recessive

phenylketonuria cause

lack of enzyme that converts phenlalanine to tyrosine which causes phenyalanine accumulation as phenylpyruvic acid

thalassemia

autosomal recessive

thalasemia cause

reduced formation of one of the chains of haemoglobin

on which chromosome are hba1, hba2 responsible for alpha thalassemia

16

beta thalassemia with hba2 responsible for chromosome

11

downs syndrome due to

extra copy of chromosome 21

turners syndrome due to

loss of an x chromosome

klinefelter syndrome due to

extra x chromosome

human dna nucleotides

3.3* 10^9

phi 174 nucleotides

5386

bacteriophage lambda nucleotides

48502

e coli nucleotides

4.6 * 10^6

nuclein by

fredrich meischer

watson and crick based on data by

franklin, wilkins

one turn length

3.4 nm

distance between 2 bp

0.34 nm

central dogma given by

francis crick

bp in a nucleosome

200

transforming principle

fredrick griffith, streptococcus pneumoniae

unequivocal proof

hershey, chase

biochem characterization of transforming principle

avery, mc leod, mc carty

semiconsevative replication model

meselson, stahl

e coli divides in how much time

20 minutes

radioactive thymidine in vicia faba

taylor et al

codons theorised by

gamow

proof of codons existence

hargobind khorana

cell free system for protein synthesis

nirenberg

rna in template independent manner using

severo ochoa enzyme- polynucleotide phosphate