Studied by 7 people
laboratory observation
observation carried out in a place that has been arranged for the purposes of the study
naturalistic observation
observation carried out in naturally occuring settings
overt observation
participants are aware of the fact that they are being observed
covert observation
the researcher does NOT inform the members of the group the reason for the researcher’s presence (hint: narcissism DISGUISED as altruism, researcher’s presence is disguised)
participant observation
the observer becomes a part of the observed group
structured observation
information is recorded systematically and in a standardized way
unstructured observation
there is no pre-defined structure and observers simply register whatever behaviors they find noteworthy
interview transcript
the audio or video recording of interview data
interview notes
accompanying observations about the participant and teh interview context
structured interviews
an interview approach with a fixed list of questions that need to be asked in a specific order
semi-structured interviews
an interview approach that doesn’t specify an order or particular set of questions
unstructured interviews
an interview approach that is participant-driven, and every next question is determined by the interviewee’s answer to the previous one
inductive content analysis
the widely-used approach to analysing texts produced by participants by deriving a set of recurring themes
memo
an explanation to the reader of how and why certain analysis decision were made
grounded theory
a theory that grows out of empirical data as opposed to prior beliefs
informed consent
(ethical considerations in conducting the study) participation in a study must be voluntary, and participants must fully understand the nature of their involvement
protection from harm
(ethical considerations in conducting the study) at all times during the study particpants must be protected from physical and mental harm
anonymity
(ethical considerations in conducting the study) no one can trace the results back to a participant because no personal details have been provided
confidentiality
(ethical considerations in conducting the study) there is someone who can connect the results of the study to the identity of a particular participant, but they are prevented from sharing this data with anyone
withdrawl from particpation
(ethical considerations in conducting the study) it must be made explicitly clear to participants that, since their participation is voluntary, they are free to withdraw from the study at any time they want
deception
(ethical considerations in conducting the study) the true aims of the study cannot be revealed to the participants because it would change their behavior
debriefing
(ethical considerations in conducting the study) after the study, participants must be fully informed about its nature, its true aims, and how the data will be used and stored
cost-benefit analysis
weighing whether the ethical standards for a study can be relaxed or not for a particular study
ethics committees
professional bodies of psychologists that resolve ambiguous issues and approve research proposals
the Little Albert Experiment
a 9-month old infant was exposed to loud sounds when he was interacting with furry objects (a neutral stimulus), and was then scared of furry objects by themselves
data fabrication
knowingly publishing results of a study with errors
plagiarism
presenting parts of another’s work or data as one’s own
publication credit
authorship on a publication should accurately reflect the relative contributions of all the authors
sharing research data for verification
researchers should not withhold the data used to derive conclusions presented in the publication
handling of sensitive personal information
how the results of the study are conveyed to individual participants
handling of information obtained in genetic research
how the results of the research into genetic influences on human behavior, such as twin, adoption, or family studies (which can sometimes lead to revealing private information to one individual about other members of the person’s family), are conveyed to individual participants
handling results of information related of mental disorders
some studies may result in revealing the presence of illness that was previously unknown
social implications of reporting scientific results
researchers must keep in mind potential effects of the way research conclusions are formulated on the scientific community and society in general
Cyril Burt Controversy
1942 study using identical twins reared apart and together and how that affects intelligence resulted in the same high correlation to its 1956 replication with a larger sample, the studies are now believed by many to be fraud
Note
Flashcard