Chapter 12-15: Nervous System

Which of the following cavities contains a component of the central nervous system?

cranial

Which structure predominates in the white matter of the brain?

myelinated axons

Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical signal to a target cell?

axon

Which term describes a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system?

nerve

Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (e.g. increased heart rate and sweating)?

autonomic

What type of glial cell provides myelin for the axons in a tract?

oligodendrocyte

Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?

soma

Which of the following substances is least able to cross the blood-brain barrier?

white blood cells

What type of glial cell is the resident macrophage behind the blood-brain barrier?

microglia

What two types of macromolecules are the main components of myelin?

lipids and proteins

If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature sensations what would a chemoreceptor be sensitive to?

molecules

Which of these locations is where the greatest level of integration is taking place in the example of testing the temperature of the shower?

cerebral cortex

How long does all the signaling through the sensory pathway within the central nervous system and through the motor command pathway take?

fraction of a second

What is the target of an upper motor neuron?

lower motor neuron

What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of the cell membrane?

sodium

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open upon reaching what state?

threshold

What does a ligand-gated channel require in order to open?

binding of a neurotransmitter

What does a mechanically gated channel respond to?

physical stimulus

Which of the following voltages would most likely be measured during the relative refractory period?

-45 mV

Which of the following is probably going to propagate an action potential fastest?

a thick myelinated axon

How much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated?

+15 mV

A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that causes a negative ion to enter the cell. What type of graded potential is this?

hyperpolarizing

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

acetylcholine

What type of receptor requires an effector protein to initiate a signal?

metabotropic receptor

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively?

GABA

Aside from the nervous system which other organ system develops out of the ectoderm?

integumentary

Which primary vesicle of the embryonic nervous system does not differentiate into more vesicles at the secondary stage?

mesencephalon

Which adult structure(s) arises from the diencephalon?

thalamus hypothalamus retina

Which non-nervous tissue develops from the neuroectoderm?

craniofacial bone

Which structure is associated with the embryologic development of the peripheral nervous system?

neural crest

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands?

frontal

What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis?

hypothalamus

What level of the brain stem is the major input to the cerebellum?

pons

What region of the spinal cord contains motor neurons that direct the movement of skeletal muscles?

anterior horn

Brodmann's areas map different regions of the ________ to particular functions.

cerebral cortex

What blood vessel enters the cranium to supply the brain with fresh oxygenated blood?

internal carotid artery

Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS?

dura mater

What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus?

ependymal cell

Which portion of the ventricular system is found within the diencephalon?

third ventricle

What condition causes a stroke?

disruption of blood to the brain

What type of ganglion contains neurons that control homeostatic mechanisms of the body?

autonomic ganglion

Which ganglion is responsible for cutaneous sensations of the face?

trigeminal ganglion

What is the name for a bundle of axons within a nerve?

fascicle

Which cranial nerve does not control functions in the head and neck?

vagus

Which of these structures is not under direct control of the peripheral nervous system?

trigeminal ganglion

What type of receptor cell is responsible for transducing pain stimuli?

nociceptor

Which of these cranial nerves is part of the gustatory system?

facial

Which submodality of taste is sensitive to the pH of saliva?

sour

Axons from which neuron in the retina make up the optic nerve?

retinal ganglion cells

What type of receptor cell is involved in the sensations of sound and balance?

mechanoreceptor

Which of these sensory modalities does not pass through the ventral posterior thalamus?

audition

Which nucleus in the medulla is connected to the inferior colliculus?

cochlear nucleus

Visual stimuli in the upper-left visual field will be processed in what region of the primary visual cortex?

inferior right

Which location on the body has the largest region of somatosensory cortex representing it according to the sensory homunculus?

lips

Which of the following is a direct target of the vestibular ganglion?

cerebellum

Which region of the frontal lobe is responsible for initiating movement by directly connecting to cranial and spinal motor neurons?

primary motor cortex

Which extrapyramidal tract incorporates equilibrium sensations with motor commands to aid in posture and movement?

vestibulospinal tract

Which region of gray matter in the spinal cord contains motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles?

ventral horn

What type of reflex can protect the foot when a painful stimulus is sensed?

withdrawal reflex

What is the name for the topographical representation of the sensory input to the somatosensory cortex?

homunculus

Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response?

increased stomach motility

Which type of fiber could be considered the longest?

preganglionic parasympathetic

Which signaling molecule is most likely responsible for an increase in digestive activity?

acetylcholine

Which of these cranial nerves contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

facial CN VII

Which of the following is not a target of a sympathetic preganglionic fiber?

intermural ganglion

Which of the following represents a sensory input that is not part of both the somatic and autonomic systems?

vision

What is the term for a reflex that does not include a CNS component?

short reflex

What neurotransmitter will result in constriction of the pupil?

acetylcholine

What gland produces a secretion that causes fight-or-flight responses in effectors?

adrenal medulla

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?

acetylcholine decreases digestion

Which of these locations in the forebrain is the master control center for homeostasis through the autonomic and endocrine systems?

hypothalamus

Which nerve projects to the hypothalamus to indicate the level of light stimuli in the retina?

optic

What region of the limbic lobe is responsible for generating stress responses via the hypothalamus?

amygdala

What is another name for the preganglionic sympathetic fibers that project to the heart?

cardiac accelerator nerve

What central fiber tract connects forebrain and brain stem structures with the hypothalamus?

medial forebrain bundle

A drug that affects both divisions of the autonomic system is going to bind to or block which type of neurotransmitter receptor?

nicotinic

A drug is called an agonist if it ________.

acts like the endogenous neurotransmitter by binding to its receptor

Which type of drug would be an antidote to atropine poisoning?

muscarinic agonist

Which kind of drug would have anti-anxiety effects?

α-blocker

Which type of drug could be used to treat asthma by opening airways wider?

sympathomimetic drug