Government First Semester Final

constitution

charter

writing by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay that supported adoption of the U.S. Constitution

The Federalist Papers

idea created by Montesquieu to separate powers of government

separation of powers

an agreement prohibiting trade

embargo

to approve

ratified

not sanctioned by law

extralegal

government which people elect delegates to make laws and conduct government

representative government

money government collects from taxes and other sources

revenue

rights that are believed to belong justifiable to every person

human rights

two-chamber legislature

bicameral

tax on imported goods

tariff

concept that government's power is not absolute

limited government

one-chamber legislature

unicameral

trade between the states

interstate commerce

ratified agreement between two or more countries

treaty

refuse to buy

boycott

supported by the small states

New Jersey Plan

Also known as the Great Compromise

Connecticut Compromise

supported by the large states

Virginia Plan

authority to rule comes from a (god) higher power

divine right

lawlessness

anarchy

said that slaves would be counted as less than a whole person

Three-Fifths Compromise

created a "league of friendship" among the states; first document that governed the 'new" United States

Articles of Confederation

wrote public letters in support of the proposed Constitution

Alexander Hamilton

constitutional amendments that protected individual freedoms

Bill of Rights

stated that people had "natural rights"

John Locke

a loose union of independent states

confederacy

institution which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces laws

government

system of government which all key powers are given to the central government

unitary system

government in which one person rules

autocracy

the supreme and absolute power within territorial boundaries

sovereignty

government which voters hold sovereign powers

republic

a political community with definite territory and organized government with the power to enforce laws

state/nation

government which a small group holds power

Oligarchy

a plan that provides rules for the government

constitution

system of government which powers are divided between the central, state, and local governments

federal system

government which a small group holds power

oligarchy

a plan that provides rules for the government

constitution

system of government which powers are divided between the central, state, and local governments

federal system

leader of the Missouri Executive Branch

Governor

percentage of state budget allocated for education

25%

Under normal circumstances, the Governor has this many days to act on bills passed by both houses of the legislature

15

number of articles in the Missouri Constitution

13

education is free until this age

21

percentage of voters who must sign a petition in 2/3 of Congressional districts for an amendment

8%

4 year term, 30 years old, live in area you represent

Missouri Senator

percentage of voters who must sign a petition in 2/3 of Congressional districts for both initiative petition and referendum

5%

Under normal circumstances, signed bills become law this many days after the end of the General Assembly

90

2 year term, 24 years old, live in the area you represent

Missouri Representative

name for the Missouri Legislature

General Assembly

to formally accuse a high official of a crime

Impeach

a change in the constitution

amendments

rule by king or queen

monarchy

to remove a law without the legislative branch

referendum

statement that sets forth goals

Preamble

to reject a bill

Veto

to create or initiate a law without the legislative branch

petition

when one branch exercises control over another branch

checks and balances

one of seven divisions of the body of the US Constitution; 13 in the MO Constitution

article

power to rule is given to the people

democracy

workers who produce the goods (the have nots)

proletariat

economic system in which the government owns all basic means of production and distributes products and wages

socialism

economic system which the central government directs all major economic decisions

communism

theory which citizens surrender to the state the power needed to maintain order and in return the government agrees to protect their citizens

social contract

the right, power, or authority to administer justice

Jurisdiction

philosophy that the government should keep their "hands off" the economy

laissez-faire

government which voters hold sovereign powers

republic

states that the US Constitution is the supreme rule of the land

supremacy clause

economic system based on free enterprise and competition

capitalism

capitalists who own the means of production (the haves)

bourgeoisie

1985 court case challenging the 4th amendment after a student was caught smoking in the bathroom

New Jersey v TLO

1969 court case challenging the 1st amendment rights of a student protesting the Vietnam War

Tinker v Des Moines

1988 court case challenging students' 1st amendment rights pertaining to school newspaper article

Hazelwood SD v Kuhlmeier

wrote the majority of the Declaration of independence

Thomas Jefferson

father of the US Constitution

James Madison

separate but equal is legal

Plessy v Ferguson

court case that invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause and the Supremacy Clause

McCulloch v Maryland

Wrote Common Sense, urged the colonist to become a new nation

Thomas Paine

separate but equal is illegal or overturned

Brown v B.O.E. of Topeka

court case that established judicial review

Marbury v Madison

person who wrote about separating the powers of government into three branches

Charles-Louis de Montesquieu

an outgoing official serving the remainder of a term after retiring or being defeated in an election

Lame Duck

government can take private property but must pay a fair price

eminent domain

first ten amendments in the US Constitution

Bill of Rights

first document that governed the pilgrims

Mayflower Compact

must pay to vote

poll tax

powers to declare laws/acts unconstitutional

Judical Review

clause that allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper"

elastic clause

Pro Articles of Confederation; wanted the powers to stay in the state government

Anti-Federalists

Pro US Constitution; wanted a strong central government

Federalists

the expressed powers of Congress that are numbered 1-18

enumerated powers

Direct election of US Senators (people pick senators)

17

Protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizures

4

Extended the right to vote to African-American males

15

Changed the way we elect the US President and Vice-President

12

Women suffrage (women gained the right to vote)

19

Protects freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition,

1

Provides jury trial involving civil cases

7

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 years old

26

Protects citizens from housing troops during peace time, least used Amendment

3