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2nd Amendment
Grants the right to bear arms.
3rd Amendment
Protects against the quartering of troops.
4th Amendment
Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.
5th Amendment
grand jury, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, due process, takings (of private property, eminent domain) (GDDTS)
6th Amendment
a fair, speedy, and public trial, impartial jury, to be informed of rights, lawyer, to confront witnesses. (TJRLW)
7th Amendment
Right to a trial by jury in civil cases.
8th Amendment
Protection from excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.
9th Amendment
Asserts that people have rights beyond those specified in the Constitution.
10th Amendment
Powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people (federalism)
Cooperative Federalism
A concept where national, state, and local governments work together to solve common problems.
Enumerated Powers
Powers specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution.
Reserved Powers
Powers for the states/local government
Concurrent Powers
Powers shared by both the federal and state goverments (eg. tax, build roads, lower courts)
Exclusionary Rule
A legal rule that excludes evidence obtained in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights.
DC V. Heller
Recognized an individual's right to possess firearms for self-defense within the home.
Categorical Grant
Federal funds provided for a specific purpose, often with conditions.
McDonald V. Chicago
2nd Amendment applies to the states
US V. Lopez
Limited Congress's power under the Commerce Clause; ruled that carrying a gun in a school zone is not an economic activity.
Mapp V. Ohio
Established the exclusionary rule at the state level.
Miranda V. Arizona
Required that individuals be informed of their rights before police interrogation (Miranda Rights).
Gideon V. Wainwright
Established the right to counsel in criminal cases for those unable to afford an attorney.
Gregg V. Georgia
Reaffirmed the constitutionality of the death penalty under certain guidelines.
Marble Cake Analogy
Describes cooperative federalism, where government responsibilities are mixed across national and state lines.
Layer Cake Analogy
Describes dual federalism, where responsibilities are clearly divided between the national and state governments.
Block Grant:
Federal funds provided for broad purposes, allowing more discretion for the states in how to spend the money
Note 
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