Here's a breakdown of these important Supreme Court cases, including the facts, outcomes, and the Constitutional amendments they relate to:

1. DC v. Heller (2008)

- Facts: This case dealt with the handgun ban in Washington, D.C., which prohibited the possession of handguns and required that other firearms be kept unloaded and disassembled. A special police officer, Dick Heller, challenged the ban, arguing it violated his Second Amendment rights.

- Outcome: The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home.

- Amendment: Second Amendment.

2. McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

- Facts: Following the Heller decision, Otis McDonald and other plaintiffs filed a lawsuit challenging Chicago's gun control laws, arguing that the right to bear arms should also apply at the state level through the Fourteenth Amendment.

- Outcome: The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the Second Amendment right recognized in Heller is incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and therefore applies to the states.

- Amendments: Second Amendment (incorporated via the Fourteenth Amendment).

3. US v. Lopez (1995)

- Facts: Alfonso Lopez, a high school student, was charged under the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 after bringing a firearm to his school. Lopez argued that the federal government didn’t have the authority to regulate guns in local schools.

- Outcome: The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the Gun-Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress’s powers under the Commerce Clause, marking one of the first times in decades that the Court limited Congressional power under this clause.

- Amendment: Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8, not an amendment but related to federal powers).

4. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

- Facts: Police conducted a search of Dollree Mapp’s home without a warrant, discovering materials that led to her conviction. Mapp argued this violated her Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches and seizures.

- Outcome: The Supreme Court ruled 6-3 that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment cannot be used in state courts, establishing the exclusionary rule.

- Amendment: Fourth Amendment.

5. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

- Facts: Ernesto Miranda was arrested and confessed to a crime without being informed of his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination or his right to an attorney. His confession was used in his conviction.

- Outcome: The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that individuals must be informed of their rights to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning. This led to the establishment of "Miranda Rights."

- Amendments: Fifth and Sixth Amendments.

6. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

- Facts: Clarence Earl Gideon, accused of a felony, was denied a court-appointed attorney because Florida law only provided counsel in capital cases. Gideon argued this violated his right to a fair trial.

- Outcome: The Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to legal counsel, and this right applies to states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

- Amendments: Sixth Amendment (incorporated via the Fourteenth Amendment).

7. Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

- Facts: Troy Leon Gregg was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. He appealed, claiming that the death penalty was a "cruel and unusual punishment," violating the Eighth Amendment.

- Outcome: The Supreme Court ruled 7-2 that the death penalty does not necessarily violate the Eighth Amendment if it is carefully and judiciously applied, reinstating the death penalty under certain conditions.

- Amendment: Eighth Amendment.