panels/ departments/common lab tests

chem department

evaluates metabolic functions, organ health, electro, hormones, and cardiac markers

basic metabolic panel(BMP) (8 tests evealuating kidney function, electro, glu)

glucose, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2, BUN, creatine

glucose(BMP)

• Measures the amount of sugar in the blood.
  Used to diagnose diabetes, hypoglycemia, and monitor diabetic control.

clacium(BMP)

• Evaluates bone health and parathyroid function; abnormalities may indicate kidney disease or endocrine disorders.

sodium(BMP)

• Major electrolyte that controls fluid balance.
  Low or high sodium affects hydration and neurological function.

potassium(BMP)

• Critical for heart function and muscle contraction.
  Abnormal levels can cause dangerous cardiac arrhythmias.

chloride(BMP)

• Helps maintain acid–base balance and hydration.
  Often mirrors sodium abnormalities.

co2(BMP)

• Measures acid–base (pH) balance in the body.
  Low levels indicate acidosis; high levels indicate alkalosis.

BUN(BMP)

• Evaluates kidney function and hydration status.

creatine(BMP)

• More specific marker of kidney function.
  Increased levels indicate kidney impairment or failure.

CMP

includes all BMP tests plus liver function tests

total protein(CMP)

• Measures total proteins (albumin + globulins).
  Low levels indicate malnutrition or liver disease.

Album(CMP)

• Major protein that maintains fluid balance.
  Low albumin causes swollen tissues (edema).

alkaline LP(CMP)

• Elevated in liver disease or bone disorders.

Alanine (CMP)

• Enzyme found in the liver.
  High ALT indicates liver cell injury or hepatitis.

Aspartate (CMP)

Billirubin(CMP)

• Waste product from RBC breakdown.
  High levels cause jaundice and indicate liver or gallbladder problems.

Endo testing

TSH, T3, T4

TSH(endo)

Screens for thyroid disorders.
High TSH → hypothyroidism
Low TSH → hyperthyroidism

T3(endo)

Measures active thyroid hormone.
Low levels indicate hypothyroidism.

T4(endo)

Measures overall thyroid production.

diabetes tests

hemo a1c, GTT, postprandial glucose testing(two hours after eating then test)

PGT(detection)

• Diabetes mellitus

• Impaired glucose tolerance

• Gestational diabetes

• Insulin resistance

postpardain(importance)

After eating, blood sugar naturally rises. A healthy pancreas releases insulin to bring glucose back down.
If glucose remains high two hours post-meal, it indicates poor sugar regulation.

cardiac tests

throponin, BNP, CK

BNP(caridac)

elevated in heart failure due to fluid overloa

CK(cardoiac)

Enzymes increased after muscle damage, including heart injury.

thereapeautic drug monitoring

lithium, vancomyvin, valproic acid

valproic(TDM)

Used for seizure control.
Levels must be monitored to prevent toxicity.

Vancom(TDM)

Powerful antibiotic requiring careful dose monitoring.

Lithium(cardiac)

Used for bipolar disorder.
Has a narrow therapeutic range; high levels are dangerous.

Gentic

amonia, cortisol

hemotology department

WBC, RBC, Hbg, Hct, Platelets, other types of WBC

ESR

screens for inflammation or autoimmune disease

reticulocyte count

Measures young RBCs to evaluate bone marrow response.

coagulation department

pt/inr, aPTT/PTT, D-dimer

blood bank

crossmatch, type and screen

microbiolgy

culture tests, blood, urnine, throat, wound

UA

pH, ketones, glucose, leukocyte esterase, nitritres, specific gravity