APUSH Period 1 Quiz

Motive for European exploration

God, Gold, Glory
- spread Christianity
- opportunity for wealth
-> finding all water route to Asia, fur trading posts, operating gold/silver mines, developing plantations (motive later on)
- Crusades sparks desire for goods (metals, spices, drugs, gold, etc.)
- Europeans sought to gain colonies or access to trade in Africa & Asia for economic, religious, and military power; they "bump" into the Americas
- were in competitions w/ other European countries to be wealthiest + most powerful

Columbian Exchange

The transatlantic exchange of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred after the first European contact with the Americas.

Who did the Spanish and Portuguese colonies rely on for labor?

natives and Africans

What events motivated European exploration?

- changes in thought & technology (Renaissance)
-> began using gun powder, sailing compass, & printing press (spreading ideas!)

Catholic victory in Spain

- Spanish Christians reconquered areas captured by Moors (Muslim Arabs)
- independent kingdoms
- Isabella & Ferdinand united their separate Christian kingdoms
- signs of new leadership, hope, and power

Protestant Reformation

- Northern European Christians revolted against Catholic pope
- led by Martin Luther
- different ppl wanted to spread their version of Christianity later on -> motive for exploration

Christopher Columbus

- ushered in Age of Exploration
-> sparked Euro. exploration + colonization
- improved navigation
- revolutionized trade w/ new routes & goods
- Columbian Exchange

Prince Henry the Navigator

- Portuguese
- sponsored voyages that established new sea route around Cape of Good Hope, South Africa
-> new trade w/ Africans
-> Portugal begins participating in preexisting African slave trade, puts slaves to work on sugar plantations

nation states

- A country in which the majority of people share both a common culture and common political loyalties toward a central gov't
- emerging monarchs in these nation states depended on trade for revenue & Church to justify their right to rule
- replaced small kingdoms uniting (ex. Spain) & large multiethnic kingdoms breaking up (ex. Holy Roman Empire)

Line of Demarcation

pope drew vertical line on map, granting Spain all lands west and Portugal all lands east

Treaty of Tordesillas

pope moves line of demarcation a few degrees west
- now Portugal had claim to Brazil

Where did each European country claim land in North America?

- Spain: South/SW (Mex, FL, Mew Mex, SoCal)
- France: Midwest, most of USA/Canada
- Eng & Dutch: east coast

Events that encouraged Columbus's voyage

- purpose of him wanting to sail westward:
-> lubricate trade w/ Asia, which was limited by long & dangerous land route
- changing economic, political, & social conditions encouraged exploration especially by sea
-> improvements in shipbuilding
-> improvements in navigation (compasses, mapmaking)

What Europeans gained from Columbian Exchange

- beans, corn, sweet/white potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco
-> aka future valuable cash crops
-> caused rapid population growth
- syphilis

What Natives gained from Columbian Exchange

- sugar cane, blue grass, pigs, horses
- new tech
-> the wheel, iron implements, guns
- small pox & measles
-> rapid population decrease

What Africans gained from Columbian Exchange

- slave trade (West African groups capture others to sell into slavery for goods and resources)
- new food (corn, potatoes, sugar)
- population growth

The Rise of Capitalism

- feudalism declines -> capitalism rises
- economic system in which control of capital (money & machinery) become more important than land (feudalism)
- commerce becomes increasingly important
- political power goes to wealthy merchants instead of landowners

joint-stock company

- rise of capitalism -> trade inc. b/c Euro. wants access to riches in America, Asia, Africa -> but ocean voyages are $$ and dangerous!
- solution: business owned by large # of investors
-> finances trade voyages more safely
-> if voyage fails, investors only lose what they invest
-> encouraged investment & grew economy

Conquistador

Spanish conqueror

Encomienda System

- to control mainly Aztecs & Incas
- Spanish king grants natives who lived on tracts of land to individual Spaniards
-> forced natives to farm/work in mines
-> Spaniards had to "care" for them in turn (did they rly tho...)

Asiento System

Required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas

Spanish Caste System

system based on race that was used for social control and also determined a person's role and importance in society
1. pure blood Spaniards
2. mixed ppl
3. pure native/African heritage

Bartolome de Las Casas

- Spanish priest
- convinced king to institute New Laws of 1542
- argued for Native rights in Valladolid Debate

New Laws of 1542

- ended native slavery, forced native labor, & began to end encomienda system
- later, conservative Spaniards convinced king to repeal parts of law

Valladolid Debate

- topic: role of natives in Spanish colonies
- Bartoloeme: natives are 100% human, so enslaving them is wrong
- Gines: natives are less than human, so they benefit from working for us under encomienda system
- neither side completely convinces king, but Bart. est. basic arguments for Native justice

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

In the Valladolid Debate, this Spaniard argued that the American Indians were less than human, so they benefited from working under the encomienda system

English policies in the New World

- initially, natives & Brits coexist, trade, share ideas
- Eng. takes land for growing population -> conflict
-> forced Natives to move from coast to inland

French policies in the New World

- saw Natives as good military/economic allies, kept good relations
- French built trade posts & traded w/ Natives
- posed less of a threat compared to other Europeans

Survival Strategies by Native Americans

- as Euros expanded, Natives protect culture
-> some allied w/ Euro pwr
-> some migrated west
-> conflict w/ other natives

Iroquois Confederacy

- 5 northeastern native groups
- matriarchal societies
- no chiefs-> council of sachems makes decisions

animists

- people who believe in the existence of individual spirits that inhabit natural objects and phenomena
- believed in by most natives

patriarchies

- property and social identity descended in male family lines
- European societies
- woman subject to pwr of man
- justified by church

republics

- states w/o prince/king but were governed by merchant coalitions
-> mostly Italian regions
-> celebrated civic humanism

civic humanism

Praised public virtue and service to the state

guilds

artisan organizations that regulated trades

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life

Counter Reformation

- Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church
- Catholic Church sought change within & created new monastic/missionary orders

Trans-Saharan Trade

trade between peoples north and south of the Sahara

Reconquista

campaign to drive Muslims from Spain

neo-Europes

colonists trying to replicate/approximate economies & social structures from home

outwork textile industry

merchants bought wool from the owners of great estates and sent it "out" to landless peasants in small cottages to spin and weave cloth

Mercantilism

- state assisted manufacturing & trade
-> ex. gov't aided textile entrepreneurs by setting low war rates & helped merchants by giving them monopolies in foreign markets
- Queen Eliz. supporting textile manufacturing -> inc. exports & decr. imports (good)
- Queen Eliz. mercantile policies laid foundations to overseas colonization
-> challenges Spanish control of western Europe

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

- stable colony in Panama establishes mass colonial pwr in Americas for Spain
-> Spain is "top dog"
- improved navigation
-> mapped many new shores along Pacific Ocean

Amerigo Vespucci

- determined whether or no land Columbus discovered was part of Asia or some place new
-> more accurate navigation & map making

Ferdinand Magellan

- first person to circumnavigate world
- discovered strait linking Atlantic & Pacific ocean
- both improved mapping & navigation

Hernan Cortes

- conquered Aztec empire
-> inspired shift of focus from exploration to conquest

Francisco Pizzaro

- conquered Incas for Spain

John Cabot

- laid groundwork for Britain's claim to Canadian colonies later
- found shorter route across Atlantic Ocean to Americas

Sir Walter Raleigh

- sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina
- known as "The Lost Colony"
- found potatoes & tobacco

Giovanni de Verranzo

- Mostly explored North American east coast
- First European explorer to name new places in North America after old people/places in the Old World
- Discovered NY Harbor, Block Island, Narragansett Bay

Jacques Cartier

- Looked for northwest passage, explored parts of Canada
- Largely contributed to establishing French claims in Canada
- Fur trade w/ natives

Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette

- explored the upper Mississippi River in 1673
- Wanted to expand colonial pwr of France
- Trade w/ natives

Robert de la Salle

- Mapped Louisiana region
- Claimed ⅔ of USA

Henry Hudson

- Claimed New Amsterdam (present day NY) for the Dutch
- Discovery of Hudson Rvr & Hudson Bay
- Assisted in furthering future colonization in Canada by Britain
- Goal was to find northwest passage route to Asia thru water

Juan Ponce de Leon

- First European to reach Florida
- Explored & settled Puerto Rico
- Laid groundwork for Spanish domination of territories and power

Vasco da Gama

- First to sail from Europe to India around Cape of Good Hope
- First European to find ocean trading route to India
- Began trade with Africa, became basis of African slave trade
-> New Portuguese trade posts in Africa + India, starting to dominate Arabs
- Improved navigation

Cultures of Central/South America

- highly organized trade routes, calendars, & agriculture systems
-> maize advancement is reason why civilization was so complex & dense
- KEYS TO POWER: productive agriculture, dense populations (which was caused by the agriculture), & aggressive bureaucratic states
- Mayas in Yucatan; Aztecs in Central Mex; Incas in Peru

General Patterns of North American Cultures

- less complex social structures than in Central America
-> more socially diversified & ppl specialized in work
-> men made tools & hunted
-> women gathered/farmed
- lived in semi-permanent settlements w/

Native America Language Differences

- over 20 language families
- Algonquian in northeast
- Siouan in Great Plains

Southwest North American Settlements

- groups like Hohokam, Anasazi, & Pueblos
- spread of maize
-> economic growth & developed irrigation systems
-> more complex society developed

Northwest Settlements

- mtn ranges isolated tribes -> barriers to development
- hunters / gatherers

Great Basin & Great Plain Settlements

- mobile living
- hunted buffalo
- lived in tepees (easy to transport)
- traded w/ other tribes
- didn't obtain horses until 17th century Spanish settlers
-> became better hunters, travelers, & traders than other native tribes around them

Mississippi River Valley Settlements

- Woodland Natives
-> permanent settlements along Missi. & Ohio Rvr
- Adena-Hopewell Culture
-> famous for large earthen mounds

Northeast Settlements

- hunting and farming
- some descendants of Adena-Hopewell culture
- Iroquois Confediration
-> battled other natives & Euros

Native American Chiefdoms

- one individual claiming preeminent pwr in community
- some were paramount chiefdoms-> numerous local chiefs band together under single, more pwrful ruler
- common in Eastern Woodlands

What influenced the creation of the Iroquois Confederacy?

- lots of conflict btwn tribes
- Hiawatha loses fam b/c of this
- spirit teaches him series of condolence rituals which then become foundation of Iroquois Confed.

Explain the differences in the ways various Native populations interacted with the natural environment in North America.

- developed their societies using the resources available to them
-> ex. Great Plains / Great Basin (barren): limited resources, nomadic, hunt/fish/gather

Southwest (dry): maize/corn cultivation, irrigation systems, permanent settlements

Northeast (4 seasons): Iroquois (farm 3 sisters, hunt, permanent settlements, longhouses)

Atlantic Seaboard (4 seasons/mild winter): Powhatan (farm, hunt, permanent settlements)

Northwest (wet): Chinook (farm, fish, permanent settlements, longhouses)

Causes of Columbian Exchange

- Technology: printing press (maps), sailing tech (caravel, astrolabe, mariner's compass)
- Economics: mercantilist theory (colonies provide mother country with markets & materials)
- joint stock companies (investors provide capital to explorers in exchange for a share of the profits)
- Explorers: Christopher Columbus
- Nation States: countries finance trips to increase national power (Spain)

Explain how the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shaped the development of social and economic structures over time.

- Encomienda System: Spanish can enslave Native Americans to work in mines and on farms in exchange for teaching them Catholicism (economic & religious goals)
- African Slave Trade: Euros began trade for slaves in West Africa to work in mines and on plantations
-> supplement & replacement for dying Native American population
- Caste System: Spanish settlers intermixed and married with Native and African populations, but defined the status of each group in a Caste (white/European on top, American/European heritage in middle, Native/African on bottom w/ many in between)

Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed in the period.

DECA

- Divergent Worldviews
-> Natives generally shared land and goods, had less defined gender roles, and spiritual religions
-> Euros had private land ownership and a desire to build individual wealth, more defined gender roles, and Christian religion
- Conflict
-> Natives began to resist European encroachment
- Adoption of Culture
-> Natives: guns and horse in Plains
-> Europeans: farming of tobacco, corn, and potatoes
- European debate on colonization
-> Valladolid debate

Explain the effects of the development of transatlantic voyages from 1491 to 1607.

- Demographic changes
-> destruction of Native Americans
-> growth of European & African populations
-> created of new societal groups (ex. Caste system)
- Economic changes
-> slave trade
-> mercantilism & capitalism
-> new markets & materials
- Politics
-> European conflict over territories/power
-> European power increases over Americas and Africa
-> Native power weakens
- Cultural changes
-> new material goods
-> spreading of religion

How did landscapes, climate and resources influence the development of Native American societies?

- Landscapes:
-> prevented/encouraged interactions btwn tribes for trade
-> some could travel long distances, some couldn't
- Climate:
-> allowed crops to flourish
-> ex. Southwest settlements -> spread of maize led to a more advanced society
-> other native societies who were not as agricultural did not have such advanced societies
- Resources:
-> made tools, food, & clothing
-> later on, horses in Great Basins allowed tribes to be more powerful than neighboring Natives who still travel/hunt on foot

In what ways were the lives of Europeans similar to those of Native Americans?

- participated in trade
- central/south American native societies lived in complex, agricultural societies like Euros.
- both turned to spiritual explanations for life

In what ways were the lives of Europeans different from those of Native Americans?

SSPT
- Socially:
-> natives = matriarchal
-> Euros = patriarchal
- Spiritually:
-> natives = animists
-> believed in more than one source of spiritual pwr
-> Euros = Christians
-> believed in one source of spiritual pwr (God)
- Politically:
-> natives = semi-sedentary societies
-> central Amer. -> strong centralized gov't
-> north Amer. -> not many gov'ts, maybe chiefdoms & sachem councils at most
-> Euros = nation states
-> ruled by monarchs or by merchants (republics)
- Tech:
-> natives = less advanced weaponry & little to no metal (at least in Nor.Amer.)
-> Euros = more advanced weapons (ex. guns), access to iron & steel, etc.

How did growth of commerce shift the structure of power in European societies?

- Renaissance -> new trade
- feudalism replaced by capitalism
- commerce increasingly important as trade increased
- value of land was decreasing w/ prevalence of feudalism -> political power shifted from landowners to new wealthy merchants

How did Europe's desire for an ocean route to Asia shape its contacts with Africa?

- Euros wanted new sea route to Asia to advance trade & obtain high value goods
- land route was too long + dangerous & dominated by Arabs
- Euro nations in competition w/ one another to be the wealthiest/the best (superiority complex)
- Henry the Navigator (Portuguese prince) heard of rich trade of gold & slaves in Arab world -> funds voyages to access this trade in West Africa
- Euros eventually find new sea route to Asia around Cape of Good Hope -> leads to new trading posts in South Africa as well

How was the African slave trade adapted to European needs?

- slavery already common in Africa
- Portuguese merchants began buying slaves from African princes/warlords
- Africans forced to work on plantations/gathering resources so Euros could profit off of labor
- after seeing Portugal's success, other Euro nations wanted to join in