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What are the main types of spine deformities discussed by Asst. Prof. Firas Alobaidi?
Scoliosis and Kyphosis.
What does the term 'Ortho' mean?
Straight.
Who pioneered the term 'Orthopedic'?
Nicolas Andry from Paris in 1741.
What is scoliosis?
An apparent lateral curvature of the spine greater than 10 degrees.
What are the components of scoliosis?
Triplanar deformity with anteroposterior, lateral, and rotational components.
What is postural (non-structural) scoliosis?
A deformity that is secondary or compensatory due to conditions outside the spine.
What are some causes of postural scoliosis?
Short leg or pelvic tilt due to hip contracture.
What characterizes structural scoliosis?
A non-correctable deformity with essential vertebral rotation.
Describe the rib hump associated with scoliosis.
Found on the convex side of the curve in the thoracic spine.
What is a common complication of severe scoliosis?
Effects on cardiopulmonary function.
What are the types or causes of scoliosis?
Idiopathic, congenital, neuropathic, myopathic, degenerative, and miscellaneous connective tissue disorders.
What clinical features present in scoliosis?
Obvious deformity, rib hump, asymmetrical hip prominence, and possible family history.
What does the Adams forward bending test reveal?
It makes the curve more obvious.
What imaging techniques are used to assess scoliosis?
X-Ray, CT, and MRI.
What is Cobb's angle?
The angle of curvature measured between the upper border of the upper end vertebra and the lower border of the lower end vertebra.
What does Risser's sign indicate?
Skeletal maturity, assessed on a scale from zero to 5 grades.
What is the relationship between skeletal maturity and scoliosis prognosis?
Younger children with higher curves have a worse prognosis.
What is ScoliScore™?
A DNA test that indicates the likelihood of severe curve progression in children with idiopathic scoliosis.
What is juvenile idiopathic scoliosis?
Idiopathic scoliosis occurring in children aged 4 to 9 years, with a worse prognosis.
What is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
The most common type of idiopathic scoliosis, typically occurring in girls over the age of 10.
What are the treatment options for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
Exercises, bracing, and possibly surgical intervention.
What is the Milwaukee brace used for?
Thoracic support in scoliosis.
What is the Boston brace used for?
Lumbar or thoracolumbar support.
When is surgery indicated for scoliosis?
For curves larger than 30 degrees that are cosmetically unacceptable or show rapid progression.
What are common complications of scoliosis surgery?
Neurological compromise, spinal decompensation, pseudarthrosis, and implant failure.
What can cause congenital scoliosis?
Failure of formation or segmentation leading to hemivertebra or fused vertebrae.
How is myopathic scoliosis associated with muscular dystrophies treated?
Sitting support or surgical stabilization for severe cases.
What is hyperkyphosis?
Excessive thoracic curvature.
What is structural kyphosis associated with?
Changes in the shape of vertebrae.
What is Scheuermann's disease?
A condition characterized by a fixed round back deformity and wedging of thoracic vertebrae.
What is a typical X-Ray finding in Scheuermann's disease?
Irregular and fragmented vertebral endplates.
What is the threshold degree for surgical intervention in kyphosis?
Curves greater than 60 degrees may need surgical correction.
What is the aim of scoliosis surgery?
To stop progression of the deformity and straighten the curve.
What are the three types of approaches for scoliosis surgery?
Anterior, posterior, or combined approach.
What does forward bending during the Adams test identify in scoliosis?
The direction and level of the major curve.
What could a family history of scoliosis indicate?
A potential genetic predisposition to the condition.
What is the significance of a curve greater than 50 degrees?
It may continue to increase by 1 degree per year.
What conservative treatment is effective in maintaining muscle tone during bracing?
Exercises.
What is the primary aim of nonsurgical treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
To prevent mild deformity from becoming severe.
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