AP Psychology; Unit 2 Vocab Terms (Cognition, Memory, & Intelligence)

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/78

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

79 Terms

1
New cards

Cognition

The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and understanding, including thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

2
New cards

Concept

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

3
New cards

Prototype

A mental image or best example of a category that helps to organize and classify information.

4
New cards

Algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem, often involving step-by-step calculations.

5
New cards

Heuristic

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently, though it may not always be accurate.

6
New cards

Insight

A sudden realization of a problem's solution, often characterized by a sense of clarity.

7
New cards

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs.

8
New cards

Fixation

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, hindering problem-solving.

9
New cards

Mental Set

A tendency to approach problems in a particular way, often based on past experiences.

10
New cards

Intuition

An effortless, automatic feeling or thought that leads to a conclusion, often without conscious reasoning.

11
New cards

Representativeness Heuristic

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes.

12
New cards

Availability Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume they are common.

13
New cards

Overconfidence

A cognitive bias characterized by excessive confidence in one's own answers, judgments, or abilities.

14
New cards

Belief Perseverance

The tendency to cling to one's initial beliefs even in the face of contrary evidence.

15
New cards

Framing

The way an issue is presented, which can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

16
New cards

Creativity

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas or solutions.

17
New cards

Convergent Thinking

A type of thinking that involves solving problems through a single correct answer.

18
New cards

Divergent Thinking

A type of thinking that generates multiple possible solutions to a problem.

19
New cards

Memory

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

20
New cards

Recall

The ability to retrieve information learned earlier, without cues.

21
New cards

Recognition

The ability to identify previously encountered information when presented with it again.

22
New cards

Rehearsing

The process of repeatedly practicing or reviewing information to aid retention.

23
New cards

Encoding

The process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory.

24
New cards

Storage

The retention of encoded information over time.

25
New cards

Retrieval

The process of accessing and bringing into consciousness information stored in memory.

26
New cards

Sensory Memory

The brief initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.

27
New cards

Short-term Memory

A temporary storage system that holds a limited amount of information for a brief period.(About 7 bits and 20 seconds)

28
New cards

Long-term Memory

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

29
New cards

Working Memory

A part of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming information and information retrieved from long-term memory.

30
New cards

Explicit Memory

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

31
New cards

Effortful Processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

32
New cards

Automatic Processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency.

33
New cards

Implicit Memory

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.

34
New cards

Iconic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

35
New cards

Echoic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds.

36
New cards

Chunking

The organization of items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

37
New cards

Mnemonics

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

38
New cards

Spacing Effect

The phenomenon where distributed study or practice leads to better long-term retention than massed study or practice.

39
New cards

Testing Effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

40
New cards

Shallow Processing

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

41
New cards

Deep Processing

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

42
New cards

Semantic Memory

A type of explicit memory involving facts and general knowledge.

43
New cards

Episodic Memory

A type of explicit memory that involves personally experienced events.

44
New cards

Memory Consolidation

The process by which short-term memories are converted into long-term memories.

45
New cards

Flashbulb Memory

A clear, vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

46
New cards

Long-term Potentiation

A biological process involved in the strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity, believed to be the basis for learning and memory.

47
New cards

Encoding Specificity Principle

The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping recall it.

48
New cards

Mood-Congruent Memory

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood.

49
New cards

Serial Position Effect

The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items.

50
New cards

Anterograde Amnesia

An inability to form new memories following a traumatic event.

51
New cards

Retrograde Amnesia

An inability to retrieve memories from before a traumatic event.

52
New cards

Proactive Interference

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

53
New cards

Retroactive Interference

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

54
New cards

Repression

The basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

55
New cards

Reconsolidation

The process by which memories are recalled and then stored again, potentially altering them.

56
New cards

Misinformation Effect

The phenomenon where a person's recall of an event becomes less accurate due to post-event information.

57
New cards

Source Amnesia

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

58
New cards

Déjà Vu

The eerie sense that you have experienced something before; it can occur in a familiar context.

59
New cards

Intelligence

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

60
New cards

General Intelligence

A measure of an individual's overall cognitive abilities, often referred to as "g."

61
New cards

Savant Syndrome

A condition in which a person with a serious mental disability demonstrates profound and prodigious capacities or abilities in a specific area.

62
New cards

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions effectively in interactions with others.

63
New cards

Intelligence Test

A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores.

64
New cards

Achievement Test

A test designed to assess what a person has learned or accomplished in a specific area.

65
New cards

Aptitude Test

A test intended to predict a person's future performance or capacity to learn.

66
New cards

Mental Age

A measure of intelligence that reflects the age at which an average person reaches a particular level of intellectual functioning.

67
New cards

Stanford-Binet (test)

An intelligence test that measures a variety of cognitive abilities and produces an IQ score.

68
New cards

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A numerical score derived from standardized tests designed to measure intelligence.

69
New cards

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A widely used intelligence test that provides a score for overall intelligence as well as separate scores for verbal and performance abilities.

70
New cards

Standardization

The process of defining meaningful scores relative to a pretested group to ensure consistency and fairness in testing.

71
New cards

Normal Curve

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes, where most scores fall near the average.

72
New cards

Reliability

The extent to which a test yields consistent results over time or across different observers.

73
New cards

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.

74
New cards

Content Validity

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.

75
New cards

Predictive Validity

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.

76
New cards

Cohort

A group of individuals who share a common characteristic, often used in research studies.

77
New cards

Crystalized Intelligence

The accumulated knowledge and verbal skills that remain stable or increase with age.

78
New cards

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to reason quickly and abstractly, which tends to decline with age.

79
New cards

Intellectual Disability

A condition characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, originating before the age of 18.