Anatomy and Physiology Mid-term 1

Northeastern

The smallest independently functioning biological unit of an organism is a

Cell

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an

Organ

Metabolism can be defined as the

sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Adenosine tripohsphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it

Stores energy for use by body cells

example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop

Childbirth

What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?"

standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward.

To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________.

midsagittal plane

The heart is within the ___

mediastinum

Identify the four components of a negative feedback loop

stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector

What happens if a body chemical is secreted too much when controlled by a negative feedback system?

Sensors detect the high level, activate a control center, and then an effectors secrete reduce the secretion.

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes

an ion

The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________.

Potential Energy

a mixture where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid but can settle over time, like chocolate chips sinking in batter.

Suspension

A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl– in solution. The substance is a(n) ________.

Salt

Alkaline vs Acidid

Alkaline: pH greater than 7, basic solution.

Acidic: pH less than 7.

In a hurry one day, you merely rinse your lunch dishes with water. As you are drying your salad bowl, you notice that it still has an oily film. Why was the water alone not effective in cleaning the bowl?

Oil is nonpolar and repelled by water, which is polar and only attracts other polar molecules.

The pH of lemon juice is 2, and the pH of orange juice is 4. Which of these is more acidic, and by how much? What does this mean?

Lemon juice is one hundred times more acidic than orange juice. This means that lemon juice has a one hundred-fold greater concentration of hydrogen ions.

Why was Eli given an IV of bicarbonate after drinking lemon juice?

Lemon juice is acidic and lowers blood pH.

Bicarbonate raises pH by neutralizing excess hydrogen ions

The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient.

down; concentration

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________.

Active transport

which organelle produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell?

Mitochondria

What materials can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer

Small & Nonpolar Molecules: Can fit through the phospholipids.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Cell takes in specific substances.

Phagocytosis

process by which cells ingest or engulf other cells or particles

Types of Tissue

connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?

cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

What connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?

Adipose tissue

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?

dense regular connective tissue

In Bone, the main cells are

osteocytes

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?

mitochondria

Identify the four types of tissue in the body

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Epithelial Tissue

cover body surfaces, line internal cavities, and form glands.

Connective Tissue

binds the cells and organs of the body together, protection, support, and integration.

Three types of Muscle Tissue

skeletal (voluntary), smooth, cardiac

Nervous Tissue

sends and receives information as electrical signals

what is the function of synovial membranes?

help joints move smoothly. They are made of connective tissue and produce synovial fluid that lubricates the joints.

synovial fluid

lubrication of a joint

Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more slowly than a bone fracture?

hyaline cartilage does not contain any blood vessels

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?

stratum basale

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of

Connective Tissue

Collagen lends ___ to the skin

Structure

Functions of the hypodermis

Protects organs, maintains body temp, long-term energy storage

Epidermis

provides protection

Dermis

Provides Support and flexibility

Hypodermis

Provides insulation (fat layer)

What do the arrector pili do in response to the sympathetic nervous system?

They cause goosebumps

The hair matrix contains

a layer of basal cells

Eccrine sweat glands…

are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat

Sebaceous glands

are associated with hair follicles

In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for

Vitamin D Synthesis

Which layer of skin must be cut to cause bleeding?

Papillary Dermis

Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out?

stratum corneum

Sun burn and blisters is damage on which layers of skin

epidermis and dermis

What determines the color of skin

Melanin

What darkens skin when exposed to UV light

Melanocytes produce and release more melanin.

Cells of the epidermis derive from stem cells of the stratum basale. How do the cells change as they become integrated into the different layers of the epidermis

become flatter

cell membranes thicken

generate large amounts keratin and keratohyalin.

eccrine Sweat glands

all over the body

watery sweat

Apocrine sweat glands

associated with hair follicles, larger than eccrine glands, deeper in the dermis, thicker sweat, unpleasant odor.

Why do people sweat excessively when exercising outside on a hot day

Body temperature rises, causing blood vessels to dilate and sweat glands to produce more sweat. Sweating cools the body as it evaporates.

Why do scars look different from surrounding skin?

Scars have a different collagen arrangement and lack some structures found in normal skin.

The hair of the scalp typically remains in the catagen phase of the hair growth cycle for how long?

1-2 weeks

Where in the body can apocrine sweat glands be found?

In the axillary and genital regions.

Axillary region

Armpit

Which layer of the epidermis do you only expect to be present in regions 'thick skin'?

Stratum Lucidem

Why are collagen fibers in dense regular connective tissue arranged parallel to each other?

helps the tissue stretch or handle tension in one specific direction.

What way does a sagittal plane divide the body?

Left and right

What regions make up the dermis layer?

Papillary and Reticular regions

What tissues is the skin made of

Epithelial and Connective

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

stratum basale

What are the regions of the dermis?

Papillary and reticular regions

covalent bonds

Involve electrons that are shared between atoms

Are covalent bonds weaker than ionic bonds?

no, they are stronger

Mammary Glands

breasts, In both males and females

Facilitated diffusion

Allows hydrophobic molecules to pass through the plasma membrane

protein carriers, not ATP

What is Standard Anatomical Position?

stands straight, facing forward, arms at their sides with palms forward, and feet flat, pointing ahead.

What type of tissue primarily makes up the hypodermis?

Connective and Adipose

Anatomy

study of structure

Physiology

study of function

Bob gets into a bike accident that results in a torn meniscus in his knee and a fractured toe. After six weeks, his toe has completely healed but his knee has not. Why is this?

The meniscus is made of fibrocartilage, which is avascular, making it harder for nutrients to reach the damaged tissue, resulting in a longer healing time.

Fibrocartilage

Tough strong tissue found in ligaments and tendons

What type of tissue forms glands responsible for the secretion of sweat in the human body?

Epithelial Tissue

Is the pelvis inferior to the abdomen

Yes

What impacts the rate of efficiency of tissue repair

Cell division, age, nutrient availability

When a muscle contracts what energy conversion occurs?

Electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy

Does the number of melanocytes determine skin tone?

No, skin tone is determined by the activity of melanocytes, not their number.

What is an anabolic reactions?

processes that build smaller molecules into larger molecules

What layer is the epidermic

Most superficial layer

Can damaged nervous tissue regenerate and regain its original function after an injury?

No, Nervous tissue has limited regenerative capacity

What feedback loop is body temperature regulation

negative feedback loop

What feedback loop is uterine contractions during childbirth

Positive feedback loop

What is a phospholipid molecules make up

Hydrophilic head and hydophobic lipid-based tail

Which type of bond involves the transfer of electrons between atoms?

Ionic

Which protein provides strength and structure to hair and nails?

Keratin

Which type of muscle is responsible for piloerection and the development of 'goosebumps' in response to feeling cold?

Smooth muscle

In the epidermis, what do dendritic cells provide?

Immune protection

In the epidermis, what do tactile cells provide?

Sensory reception

Which organelle is most likely affected in a patient suffering from a genetic disorder that alters protein production?

Ribosomes

What signals do neurons conduct?

Electrical signals