[AP World Hist.] Unit 5: Revolutions from c. 1750 to c. 1900 (Period 3: 1750-1900)

~12-15% of exam weighting

What is the context of this period?

People continue to interact with global trade
- new technology like locomotives and steel mills

Enlightenment

Intellectual and philosophical movement from Europe that stressed reason, individualism, freedom, and self-determination in 1700s

Social Contract

Idea that individuals enter into compromise with a strong and central government in which they give up some rights in exchange for protection and social benefit

Philosophes

Thinkers and writers who explore social, political, and economic theories leading to new ideas

Capitalism

Economic system where the means of production (factories, machines, resources) are privately owned and operated for individual profit

Socialism

Economic system where public or workers own means of production to create more equality

Nationalism

A movement promoting the interests of a particular nation based on pride in shared language, customs, and backgrounds

Haitian Revolution

(1791-1804) Slaves and freed black Haitians successfully fought against the French to gain independence and abolish slavery

Simon Bolivar

(1783-1830)
Venezuelan creole who fought against the Spanish and established the independent area called Gran Colombia

Propaganda movement

(late 1800s)
Organization of Filipino students calling for more Filipino autonomy from Spain

Realpolitik

System of politics based on realistic and practical views rather than idealistic ones

Industrial Revolution

(1760-1840)
The transition to new manufacturing processes leading to widespread social and economic change beginning in Europe

Agricultural Revolution

(1700s)
Period of technological improvement and increased crop production

Water frame

(1769) A machine that uses waterpower to drive the spinning wheel

Interchangeable parts

(1798) Eli Whitney's system of manufacturing that made parts of firearms identical so if one broke, it could be easily replaced

Enclosure movement

Land that used to be known as the "commons" due to public use is fenced off and sold to individuals by the government

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A railroad in Russia stretching from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean

Company rule

(1757-1858) Britain's East India company ruling over India

Steam engine

(1965) A machine made by James Watts that harnesses the power of coal to create steam to generate energy

Coaling Stations

Stations along trade routes established to refuel steam ships

Second Industrial Revolution

(1800s-1900s) Industrialization that produced things such as steel, chemicals, precisions machinery, and electronics

Transcontinental Railroad (1869)

Railroad that connected Atlantic and Pacific oceans in the US

Alexander Graham Bell

(1847-1922)
Credited with creating the first practical telephone

Muhammad Ali

(1769-1849) Governor of the Egypt under the Ottoman empire

Commodore Matthew Perry

(1853) Commodore of US navy who is credited with opening Japan up to foreign trade in the 1853

Meiji Restoration

(1868) Restored the power of the emperor and centralized government in Japan

Corporation

Business chartered by a government to make it a legal entity

Stockholders

Individuals who buy partial ownership of a company through the stock market

Transnational Companies

A company that operates across national borders

Consumerism

A social and economic movement focused on the growth of buying goods and services

Monopoly

One company controlling a specific business and elimination of competition

Labor union

Organizations of workers who fought for the right to bargain and make contracts with employers

Utilitarianism

A philosophy championed by John Stuart Mill that focuses on the good of the majority of people

Karl Marx

(1818-1883) German scholar who encouraged socialism and communism

Tanzimat

(1839-1876) Reforms in the Ottoman Empire taking place after Mahmud II began making changes

Self Strengthening Movement

(late 1800s) Chinese reform effort focused mainly on the military and economy

Genros

Elder statesmen in Japan who helped advise the emperor

Slums

Areas of cities where low income families lived in generally poor conditions

Working Class

The bottom rung of the social hierarchy who had to work in factories and mines to survive

White Collar

The new middle class who had education and skills to become professionals, small business owners, and factory managers

Mass production

Manufacture of large amounts of goods through industrial technology and assembly lines

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes rule of law, representative democracy, rights of citizens, and the protection of private property; derived from Enlightenment

Conservatism

a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion

Empiricism

the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Zionism

A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Fabian Society

an association of British socialists who advocate gradual reforms within the law leading to democratic socialism

Utopian Socialism

an ideal society that is based on socialist ideals like Louis Blanc and Charles Fourier

Classical Liberalism

A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power.

Feminism

the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Who were important philosophers during this period?

Thomas Hobbes
- Argued that people's natural state is to live in a bleak world via social contract
- Gave up rights to strong govt. for law and order
John Locke
- "life liberty, and pursuit of property"
- Social contract \= right/responsibility for citizens to revolt against unjust govt.
- people are born as a "blank slate"

Who were important philosophes?

Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin
- American founding fathers
Baron Montesquieu
- Influenced the American govt.
- 3 division system (exec, judicial, legislative)
Voltaire
- famous for wit and advocacy of civil liberties
- exiled to England and campaigned for religious liberty/judicial reform when back in France
- Idea of religious liberty influences US Constitution
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- General Will of population/obligation of sovereign to carry out General Will
- Inspired many revolutions

Who was Adam Smith?

Enlightenment thinker; father of capitalism/advocate for laissez-faire economics

How did the Enlightenment affect society?

Increased urbanization & industrialization
- poverty increases
- poor workers live in slums w/o sanitation and political representation

Who was prominent in the feminism movement?

Olympe de Gouges
- advocated for women's rights in France
- "Declaration of the Rights of Women and the (Female) citizen"
Mary Wollstonecraft
- argued women should have the same education as men
- A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Who were famous Utopian Socialists?

Henri de Saint-Simon:
- believed scientists, engineers, and businesses are able to operate efficient work places
- advocated for public works to provide employment
- opposed building the Suez Canal
Charles Fourier:
- identified 810 passions to make work more enjoyable
- believes fundamental principle was harmonious living over class struggle in Marxism
Robert Owen:
- est. intl. communities governed by principles of utopian socialism

What was abolitionism?

movement to abolish slavery/end the Atlantic slave trade

How was anti-Semitism displayed in Europe in this period?

Dreyfus Affair (1894)
- Alfred Dreyfus convicted of treason by French govt.
- documents forged by anti-Semitics
- shows how widespread anti-Semitism is

What was the American Revolution?

- June 4, 1776 -\> Declaration of Independence is ratified
- War from 1776-1783 with aid from France
- Conflict between American colonists and England

What were the New Zealand Wars?

- Conflict between indigenous people (Maori) & British
- Increased pressure on Maori after annexation leads to war; 1845-1872
- Develops sense of nationalism
- British victory

What happened during the French Revolution?

- 1789-1799
- moderates attempt to est. constitutional monarchy
- rioters storm the Bastille (large French prison, symbolizes abuse/corrupt aristocracy)
- Adoption of Declaration of the Rights of Man
- refusal to adopt by aristocracy leads to dissent from radical groups like Jacobins
- inspired est. of the First French Republic
- Napoleon become emperor in 1804

What led up to the French Revolution?

- Popularized ideals by philosophes
- liberté, egalité, et fraternité (liberty, equality, fraternity)
- Financial liability from spending
- financing wars (i.e American Revolution)
- Estates General extremely unfair, causes commoners to form the National Assembly

What was the Haitian Revolution?

- 1791, revolution in Haiti after FR and American Revs
- Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture
- worked with France to est. abolition, freedom, and citizenship in Haiti
- later betrayed and imprisoned
- set the road to freedom from France
- 1804, first country in Latin America to win independence

What were the reasons for the Creole Revolutions?

- Revolutionary ideas taken by creoles
- people born of European ancestry in Americas
- whole social ladder of those born in Americas (deals w/ race & ethnicity)
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- Creoles usually wealthy owners
- opposed Spanish mercantilism (buy and sell only with Spain)
- Wanted more political power; govt. jobs only reserved for peninsulares (colonists born in Spain/Portugal)
- Mestizos want political power and wealth

What were the Bolívar Revolutions?

- Pushing for Enlightenment ideas in Latin America
- Simon Bolivar helps liberate Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, etc.
- Created new nations that could make or break govt.

What were the results of the Creole Revolutions?

- Governments usually conservative
- Creoles form a powerful, conservative upper class
- Women still have limited rights
- received limited education, submissive to men

What was the propaganda movement?

- Filipino advocacy for autonomy
- not a call for revolution or independence
- Jose Rizal most prominent figure
- arrested and executed
- helps spur nationalist movement in Philippines
- Philippine Revolution in 1896

How did Italy unify?

Count di Cavour:
- Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia aims to unify all of Italian Peninsula under House of Savoy
- Italy divided into kingdoms and city states
- believed in classical liberal ideals and realpolitik

How did Germany unify?

- Nationalist movements strengthen to oppose French occupation from Napoleon
- Revolutions occur in European states (including Prussia and Austria) from nationalism and liberalism

Who was Otto von Bismarck?

Prussian leader, used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars for German unification
- Manipulated Austria to fight with Prussia against Denmark (1864)
- Fought against Austria (Seven Weeks' War, 1866)
- Fought with France in Franco-Prussian War (1870)
- gained land from all three
- founded new German Empire

What were the global consequences of unification?

- Extreme nationalism leads to WWI
- Italian poverty rampant (more south than north)
- leads to emigration to USA and Argentina

What was the effect Balkan Nationalism?

Ottoman Empire loses power/influence
- increased contact with Western ideals develops Balkan Nationalism
- Greece: under Ottoman control for ~350 years become exposed to Enlightenment ideals
- reawakens Greek pride/nationalism
- Greek independence in 1827
- Other nations follow similar course

What was Ottomanism?

a movement aimed to create a modern, unified state
- minimized ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences in empire
- ethnic/religious groups within Ottoman Empire begin to develop nationalism
- intensifies feelings of difference/promote desire for independence

What lead to the Industrial Revolution?

Improvements in old systems
- Agricultural Revolution in early 1700s
- introduction to new crops, extends lifespan; more efficient tech, etc

What was life like before the Industrial Revolution?

- Most live in rural areas, grow their food, etc.
- textile industries usually domestic
- maritime empires allow Indian textiles to be available in Britain
- UK develops cottage industry

How did technology change in this period?

Development of tech to produce faster/efficiently
- spinning jenny and water frame
- doomed the cottage industry, creates the industry system
- Interchangeable Parts developed by Eli Whitney (cotton gin)
- meant for firearms in USA
- division of labor & specialization of labor
- helps development of assembly lines by Henry Ford

What gave the British the advantage in industrialization?

Geographical and environmental advantages
- Lots of seaways to import raw materials
- located on coal deposits, lots of minerals to use for inventions like steam engine
- resources from colonies
- able to import raw materials from colonies due to wealth from trans-Atlantic slave trade
- Rivers for canals, harbors, transports, etc
- Naval power; strongest fleet of ships
- Protection of Private Property: reassurance to entrepreneurs that govt. could not take away businesses

What was the result of the industrial revolution in the UK?

Two shifts:
- Farmers could grow more food -\> could support more people
- society needs fewer people in agriculture
- Migration commonplace
- farmers become landless and destitute after enclosure movement
- move to urban centers like Liverpool

How did industrialization spread?

France & Germany
- France has sparsely populated urban centers
- FR Rev leads to lateness in industrializing
- Germany politically fragmented
- quickly become leading producers in steel and coal after unification
USA
- Leading industrial force by 1900
- human capitol a key factor
- lots of immigrants
Russia
- focused on railroads and exports
- Trans-Siberian Railroad allows for trade with Asia
- Coal, iron, and steel industries develop with railroads
- agricultural econ until Communist takeover
Japan
- first country to industrialize (Meiji Restoration)
- went through defensive modernization

How did global manufacturing change?

Middle Eastern and Asian countries continue to manufacture goods, share in global manufacturing declines
- Shipbuilding in India/SE Asia
- British mismanagement leads to decline of
- Ironworks in India
- colonial rule affects mineral production
- mining industry goes extinct
Textile Production in India and Egypt
- Indian textile industry undermines British market
- British imposes taxes

What were important aspects of the Coal Revolution?

- Development of new power source
- creation of steam engine, cheap way to generate steam from coal
- Helped develop new technology
- water travel through steam ships
- Iron production
- increase in iron output

What were important aspects of the Second Industrial Revolution?

Steel
- steel becomes the backbone of industrial society
- done using the Bessemer Process
Oil
- mid-1800s: first commercial oils are drilled
- provide a new power source
- used for items like heaters
- leads to development of precision machinery and internal combustion engine
Electricity
- 1882: first public power stations develop
- led to street lighting/electric street trains around 1890
Communications
- telephone developed during time period
- patent by Alexander Graham Bell (1876)
- later revamped by Edison in 1886
- radio developed by Gugliemo Marconi in 1901

How did global trade and migration change?

Transcontinental Railroad facilitates US growth
- number of natural resources allows US to be an industrial nation
- countries intensify industrialization to gain capital
- sought to protect their resources by establishing colonies

How did the government impact industrialization?

Ottoman Empire:
- refused to industrialize
- corruption leads to decline of govt. + ethnic nationalism leads to unrest
- "Sick Man of Europe"
- dismantled after WWI
China:
- 2 main humiliations:
- Opium Wars with British
- Spheres of influence from European powers
- central govt. too weak to promote industrialization
Japan:
- central govt. grew stronger to maintain independence

How did the Ottomans industrialize?

- Muhammad Ali rises to prominence
- able to act independently from the sultan
- turns Ottoman Empire into a European model
- pushed tax reforms in Egypt for peasants
- Egypt industrializes to compete w/ French and British

What were the events of the Meiji Restoration?

- Japan usually isolated
- Commodore Matthew Perry threatens for JP to engage in trade w/ USA
- agreed to engage in trade (CN refusal a good look at what happens with refusal)
- Caused Meiji Restoration in 1868
- Est. Western reforms that appealed to JP
- also replicated societal problems of time period

How did consumerism affect society?

- rise of living standards among working class
- heavy advertising for nonessential goods towards upper middle class
- material goods/leisure become escape
- seen in construction of music halls and public parks

What were the purpose of labor unions?

- Meant to improve workers' lives through minimum wage laws, hours worked, etc.
- Seen as an enemy of trade prior to 20th century

Who was John Stuart Mill?

A philosopher and economist who led the utilitarianism movement in the 1800's
- champions legal reforms for labor unions, limiting child labor, etc.

What was the impact of Karl Marx?

- Development of Marxism/Communism
- society split into two groups: bourgeoisie and proletariat
- bourgeoisie are middle class/investors who own means of production
- proletariat are working class, often extorted

What was Ottoman response to industrialization?

- Begin to reform after rule of Mahmud II
- Ottoman Empire in decline, but still holds economic power
- Reforms called Tanzimat
- rooted out corruption
- est. secular primary/secondary schools + trade colleges
- creation of new commercial and penal codes
- updated the legal system through Hatt-i Humayun (Ottoman Reform Edict)

What were the effects on Ottoman society after the reforms?

- strong monetary flow from Mediterranean
- began to show during slow spread of industrialization
- reforms benefit men over women
- limited rights for women eventually ended

What was some opposition to Ottoman reform?

- Anger from minority groups like Armenians and Assyrians
- Exiled "Young Turks" (people who advocated for reform)

What were the reform efforts in China?

- Qing Dynasty feels pressure to industrialize
- Self Strengthening Movement in 1900s
- Demand for reform increases after Sino-Japanese War
- est. of Hundred Days Reform under Emperor Guangxu

What was Empress Dowager Cixi's influence on Chinese modernization?

- Cixi is extremely conservative
- opposed reforms to protect traditional systems
- Repealed reforms after a coup d'etat
- resisted against any foreign influence

How did Japan resist reform?

- Changing norms away from tradition
- JP samurai either work as genros or resist change
- protest by wearing traditional looks

How did the Industrial Revolution affect cities?

Population grows faster than housing supply; working class often forced into slums
- usually unsanitary: open sewers/contaminated water supply
- leads to rampant disease like cholera and tuberculosis
- fire and crime also large factors; causes municipalities to create police/fire departments

How did the Industrial Revolution affect class structures?

- Emergence of new classes
- working class that helps construct goods
- seen as replaceable
- competition for jobs keeps wages low
- middle class of white-collar workers
- at top are "captains" of industry
- quickly overshadowed nobility