collection of specialized cells and cell products that work together in functionally related communities
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t/f: tissues only have living components
false: they also have non-living extracellular components
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what are the four types of tissues and what is their basic function?
connective: support, epithelial: covering, muscle: movement, nervous: control
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what tissue type forms most of the body’s glands?
epithelial
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epithelial tissue function
protection, secretion, absorption, ion transport and diffusion, filtration, and sensory reception
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epithelial tissue cellularity
composed mostly of cells with limited extracellular matrix
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epithelial tissue specialized contacts
cells joined by special junctions
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epithelial tissue polarity
cell regions of the upper surface differs from the basal lower surface
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what is the basement membrane?
underlying connective tissue layer that provides support
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epithelial is avascular but innervated. what does this mean?
epithelium lacks blood vessels but has nerves
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epithelial cells are highly regenerative. what does that mean?
lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division
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what are microvilli?
finger-like extension of the plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells that increase surface area for absorption
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what is cilia?
whip-like, motile extension of plasma membrane that moves stuff over epithelial surfaces
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example of where microvilli is found?
small intestines
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example of where cilia is found?
respiratory tubes
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what is flagella?
extra long cilia that helps move cell
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what is an example of where flagella is found?
spermatozoa
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epithelial lateral surface features
connections to neighboring cells by linking proteins or cell junctions
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interdigitate vs following contour of cells
cells need to mingle; cells are wavy
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what are the types of cell junctions?
desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions
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what do desmosomes do?
adhesive spots on lateral sides linked by filaments that holds tissues together
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what do tight junctions do?
fuse plasma membrane of adjacent cells at apical area so nothing passes
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what do gap junctions do?
spot-like junction occurring anywhere made of hollow cylinders of protein
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what is the basal surface?
sheet between the epithelial and connective tissue layer that attaches epithelium to connective tissue below
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what is the basal surface made of?
basal lamina and reticular fiber layer
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what is the purpose of the basal lamina?
thin, noncellular supportive sheet of proteins found in the superficial layer that acts as a selective filter and assists in epithelial cell regeneration by moving new cells
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basal lamina is made of what two layers?
lamina lucida (clear layer) and lamina densa (dense layer)
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what is the reticular fiber layer?
the deeper layer that provides support
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what does simple epithelium mean?
one layer
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what does stratified epithelium mean?
it has multiple layers
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what are the shapes of epithelium cells and what do they look like?
squamous (disk shaped), cuboidal (cube shaped), and columnar (column shaped)
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what is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
columnar epithelium that looks like multiple layers of columns but is actually only one layer
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simple squamous epithelium description
single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei; thin and permeable
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simple squamous epithelium function
allows for passage of small ions vis passive diffusion and filtration
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simple squamous epithelium locations
renal corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, lining of heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity
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simple cuboidal epithelium description
single layer of cube like cells with large, spherical central nuclei
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simple cuboidal epithelium function
secretion and absorption
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simple cuboidal epithelium location
kidney tubules, secretory proteins of small glands, ovary surface
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simple columnar epithelium description
single layer of column shaped cells with oval nuclei, some have cilia at apical surface, may contain goblet cell
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simple columnar epithelium function
absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
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simple columnar epithelium location
nonciliated: lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
ciliated: lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium description
all cells originate at basement membrane, only talls cells reach the apical surface, may contain goblet cells and bear cilia, nuclei lie at varying heights within cells
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium function
secretion of mucus, propulsion of mucus by cilia
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium location
nonciliated: ducts of male reproductive tubes; ducts of large glands
ciliated: lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract
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what is the major function of stratified epithelium?
protection
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stratified squamous epithelium description
many layers of squamous cells where deeper layers may appear cuboidal or columnar; thickets epithelial tissue
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what are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?
keratinized and nonkeratinized
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stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized) description and function
contains keratin, waterproof, surface cells are dead and full of keratin (prevents flaking), forms epidermis
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stratified squamous epithelium (nonkeratinized) description and function)
forms moist lining of body openings and lining of mucous membranes, does not have keratin
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stratified cuboidal epithelium description
two layers of cube shaped cells
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stratified cuboidal epithelium function
protection and production of fluids
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stratified cuboidal epithelium location
ductile glands (mammary glands, salivary glands, and larger sweat glands)
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stratified columnar epithelium description
basal cells are usually cuboidal
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stratified columnar epithelium function
protection and secretion
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stratified columnar epithelium location
‘rare’; found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands
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what are glands?
groups of specialized epithelial cells that make and secrete protein products
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how are glands classified?
endo vs exo; unicellular vs multicellular
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where do exocrine glands secrete products?
onto a body surface or into a body cavity
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unicellular exocrine glands are/contain:
goblet cells that secrete mucin to lubricate internal body surface
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what are the two basic parts of a multicelluar exocrine gland?
duct and secretory unit
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how are multicellular exocrine glands classified?
by branching structures (one branch: simple, multiple: compound), and by secretory units (tubes: tubular, sacs: alveolar, hybrid: tubuloalverolar)
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endocrine gland composition
no ducts; only secretory unit
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how do endocrine glands function?
hormones travel to target organ to increase response
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what are the four main classes of connective tissue?
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood
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what are the functions of connective tissue?
connect tissues and bind organs together, hold in body fluid, form basis of skeleton, store and carry nutrients, surround all blood vessels and nerves, and protect against infection
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what are the connective tissue commonalities?
acellular, cells have embryonic origin, extracellular matrix is produced by cells of connective tissue class and is composed of ground substance and protein fibers, vascularized
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blast vs cyte?
blast: actively secreting connective tissue matrix (having a blast making stuff)
cyte: maintenance (sit there in the *site* to maintain everything)
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what is fibril made of?
collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers
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collagen description
strong, resistant to tension, thick coils of cross-linked fibrils
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what happens when collagen is destroyed?
organs move, structure changes, function changes, not good
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reticular fibers?
type of collagen that form dense mesh network rather than coiling
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elastic fiber?
contains elastin, pulls tissues back to original shape after being stretched out
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what is elastin?
a rubber-like component that allows stretch
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what are the structural features of connective tissue? what are the exception?
ground substance (extracellular) and interstitial fluid (between cells); blood: embedded in calcified mineral salts and blood: plasma that is not produced by blood cells
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ground substance description and function?
generally gel-like with large sugar and sugar-protein molecules which hold and absorb interstitial fluid; cushions, protects, withstands compressive stresses
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interstitial fluid description and function?
medium for nutrients; waste and oxygen travels to cells; found in ground matrix
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connective tissue proper subcategories?
loose and dense
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examples of loose connective?
areolar, adipose, reticular
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what is loose connective tissue?
fibers are able to separate from each other
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what is dense connective?
fibers are densely/tightly packed together
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connective tissue proper basic functions
support and binding of other tissues together, holding body fluids, fighting infection, storing nutrients
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loose connective tissue proper: areolar description and function?
most widespread, underlies almost all epithelium and surrounds almost all small nerves and blood vessels, borders all other tissues in the body
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adipose description and function?
occurs beneath the skin, highly vascularized, high metabolic activity, insulates, produces energy, supports
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white adipose tissue function
nutrient storing
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brown adipose function
produces heat
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reticular description and function?
only has reticular fibers, forms caverns to hold free cells, forms internal skeleton of some organs
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dense connective tissue is resistant to:
extremely strong pulling forces
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what types of dense connective tissue are there?
regular and irregular
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dense regular connective tissue description and function?
regular fibers run same direction parallel to pull; wavy appearance; poorly vascularized with no fat or defense cells
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dense regular connective tissue location?
fascia, tendons, ligaments
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dense irregular connective tissue description and function?
thick irregular fibers, run in different planes and directions, resists strong tensions
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dense irregular connective tissue location?
dermis, fibrous capsules at ends of bones
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cartilage characteristics
firm, flexible, resists compression
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cartilage location
nose, ear, trachea, meniscus
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cartilage is composed of 80% -
water
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cartilage is/is not innervated
is not
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cartilage avascular or vascular?
avascular
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when is cartilage more prominent?
in embryo
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what are chondroblasts?
immature cartilage cells that actively secrete cartilage