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hindsight bias
i knew the answer all along
overconfidence
exaggerate correctness of beliefs, believe that we know more than we do
perceiving order in random events
find patterns in the world when things are random
theory
explains behaviors or events by organizing observations
hypothesis
falsifiable prediction
experimental definitions
numerical/measurable definitions for research procedures/concepts
experimental methods
change variables to see effects
non experimental methods
describes behaviors & computed correlations
case studies
in depth analysis of one individual or group, can be misleading
naturalistic observation
recording responses in natural environments, does not explain behaviors
survey
ask people to report behavior or opinions
social desirability bias
answering in a way that they think will pleases the researcher
self-report bias
falsely reporting/remembering behaviors
sampling bias
generalizing from a few unrepresentative cases
random sample
getting people randomly from the population you are studying
correlation
when two variables are related in some way
correlation coefficient
higher when more closely related
positive correlation
directly related
negative correlation
inversely related
illusory correlation
random event that we notice and falsely assume are related
regression toward the mean
extraordinary things will most likely be followed up with more ordinary things
experiment
one or more factors is changed to see change in another
experimental group
group that receives the treatment
control group
group that doesn’t receive treatment
random assignment
randomly assigning people to each group
placebo effect
people think something is working because its supposed to do that thing
single blind procedure
patients don’t know if they are getting a placebo or not
double blind procedure
neither patients or administrators know if they are getting a placebo or not
independent variable
variable that is changed
confounding variables
variables that might effect the outcome (besides the independent variable)
experimenter bias
researchers unintentionally influence results to see what they want
dependent variable
variable that is observed and changed by independent variable
quantitative research
data in numbers
qualitative research
in depth narrative data
theoretical principles
ideas more than actual reactions (increased irritability vs stabbing someone)
resulting principles
explain everyday behaviors
informed consent
asking people's permission to be in study & telling them about it
confidentiality
keeping people’s private information private
debriefing
fully telling participants what happened in the study after it is finished
protect from greater-than-usual-harm
not harming the participants more than usual or necessary
animal welfare
treating animals well
institutional review board
reviews studies to make sure they are up to code before they are actually done
informed assent
informed consent but for minors (still need parent/guardian consent)
biological perspective
genes & neuroscience drive actions
evolutionary perspective
past adaptations drive actions
cognitive perspective
conscious thoughts drive actions
sociocultural perspective
social and cultural influences drive actions
psychodynamic perspective
unconscious drives actions
humanistic perspective
want to grow drives actions
behavioral perspective
learning drives actions
research confederate
accomplice in the study (hired but not a participant to play a role)
habit loop
cue (trigger), routine (thing that’s done), reward
chameleon effect
mimic the behaviors of others in a social situation
ironic process theory
trying not to think of something will make you think of it more
distanced self talk
referring to yourself as someone wiser or someone your respect giving you advice, not first person pronouns
subjective well-being
how people experience and evaluate their life
impact bias
we think events will effect emotions more than they will
psychological immune system
our brains making hard situations less hard
feel good do good phenomenon
when you feel good you do good things to other people
emotional contagion
emotions spreading through groups
social proof
people assume the actions of others to make decisions in a situation
social benchmarking
comparing someone’s behaviors to trends
hot cold empathy gap
mispredictions based on what state of mind you are in: cold (calm, peaceful, not hyper and running around the room) or hot (strong emotions, or 👀)
confirmation bias
people’s tendency to see evidence as backing up their point
peer reviewers
people read over research papers to review quality
meta-analysis
combing multiple studies to come to a conclusion
psychological disorder
collection of symptoms marked by disruption to people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors; causes distress/suffering; interferes with daily life
dysfunction
not able to operate normally
distress
stress as negative and debilitating
stigma
mark of disgrace associated with circumstance, quality, person
american psychiatric association
main organization of psychiatrists in the us; have guidelines and stuff
diagnostic manual of mental disorders (DSM)
has all the qualifications to diagnose mental disorders
world health organization
organization that does health things worldwide
international classification of mental disorders (ICD)
basically the DSM
eclectic approach
combines different methodologies/perspectives
maladaptive behaviors
behaviors that interfere with person’s daily activities
maladaptive thoughts
thoughts that are false and rationally unsupported
maladaptive relationships
maladaptive behaviors affecting relationships?
biopsychosocial model
biological, psychological, and social intersection and effects on health
medical model
mental illnesses can be diagnosed based on symptoms and treated
diathesis-stress model
genetics and environmental stressors influence disorders
stress
the process by which one relates to/appraises a threat
positive psychology
study of human flourishing
resilience
the ability to resist/quickly recover from hardships
adaption-level phenomenon
adjust our neutral level of life so we get used to both negative and positive things
relative deprivation
comparing up = :), comparing down = :(
signature strengths
character strengths that are most essential to who you are
wisdom
creativity, curiosity, judgement, love of learning, & perspective
courage
bravery, honesty, perseverance, & zest
humanity
kindness, love, & social intelligence
justice
fairness, leadership, & teamwork
temperance
forgiveness, humility, prudence, and self-regulation
transcendence
appreciation of beauty & excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, & spirituality
broaden-and-build theory
positive emotions broaden mental awareness and build skills and resilience that boost well-being
aerobic exercise
sustained, oxygen-consuming exertion
mindfulness meditation
relax and pay attention to inner state, body scan, pay attention to breathing
universal emotions
anger, fear, disgust, happiness, and sadness
display rules
social norms on how people express themselves in certain situations (also can be based on culture)
emotion
a mix of bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience, and feelings
facial-feedback hypothesis
you feel how you look
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Flashcard (105)