AP Psychology Day 1 Quiz 9

hindsight bias

i knew the answer all along

overconfidence

exaggerate correctness of beliefs, believe that we know more than we do

perceiving order in random events

find patterns in the world when things are random

theory

explains behaviors or events by organizing observations

hypothesis

falsifiable prediction

experimental definitions

numerical/measurable definitions for research procedures/concepts

experimental methods

change variables to see effects

non experimental methods

describes behaviors & computed correlations

case studies

in depth analysis of one individual or group, can be misleading

naturalistic observation

recording responses in natural environments, does not explain behaviors

survey

ask people to report behavior or opinions

social desirability bias

answering in a way that they think will pleases the researcher

self-report bias

falsely reporting/remembering behaviors

sampling bias

generalizing from a few unrepresentative cases

random sample

getting people randomly from the population you are studying

correlation

when two variables are related in some way

correlation coefficient

higher when more closely related

positive correlation

directly related

negative correlation

inversely related

illusory correlation

random event that we notice and falsely assume are related

regression toward the mean

extraordinary things will most likely be followed up with more ordinary things

experiment

one or more factors is changed to see change in another

experimental group

group that receives the treatment

control group

group that doesn’t receive treatment

random assignment

randomly assigning people to each group

placebo effect

people think something is working because its supposed to do that thing

single blind procedure

patients don’t know if they are getting a placebo or not

double blind procedure

neither patients or administrators know if they are getting a placebo or not

independent variable

variable that is changed

confounding variables

variables that might effect the outcome (besides the independent variable)

experimenter bias

researchers unintentionally influence results to see what they want

dependent variable

variable that is observed and changed by independent variable

quantitative research

data in numbers

qualitative research

in depth narrative data

theoretical principles

ideas more than actual reactions (increased irritability vs stabbing someone)

resulting principles

explain everyday behaviors

informed consent

asking people's permission to be in study & telling them about it

confidentiality

keeping people’s private information private

debriefing

fully telling participants what happened in the study after it is finished

protect from greater-than-usual-harm

not harming the participants more than usual or necessary

animal welfare

treating animals well

institutional review board

reviews studies to make sure they are up to code before they are actually done

informed assent

informed consent but for minors (still need parent/guardian consent)

biological perspective

genes & neuroscience drive actions

evolutionary perspective

past adaptations drive actions

cognitive perspective

conscious thoughts drive actions

sociocultural perspective

social and cultural influences drive actions

psychodynamic perspective

unconscious drives actions

humanistic perspective

want to grow drives actions

behavioral perspective

learning drives actions

research confederate

accomplice in the study (hired but not a participant to play a role)

habit loop

cue (trigger), routine (thing that’s done), reward

chameleon effect

mimic the behaviors of others in a social situation

ironic process theory

trying not to think of something will make you think of it more

distanced self talk

referring to yourself as someone wiser or someone your respect giving you advice, not first person pronouns

subjective well-being

how people experience and evaluate their life

impact bias

we think events will effect emotions more than they will

psychological immune system

our brains making hard situations less hard

feel good do good phenomenon

when you feel good you do good things to other people

emotional contagion

emotions spreading through groups

social proof

people assume the actions of others to make decisions in a situation

social benchmarking

comparing someone’s behaviors to trends

hot cold empathy gap

mispredictions based on what state of mind you are in: cold (calm, peaceful, not hyper and running around the room) or hot (strong emotions, or 👀)

confirmation bias

people’s tendency to see evidence as backing up their point

peer reviewers

people read over research papers to review quality

meta-analysis

combing multiple studies to come to a conclusion

psychological disorder

collection of symptoms marked by disruption to people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors; causes distress/suffering; interferes with daily life

dysfunction

not able to operate normally

distress

stress as negative and debilitating

stigma

mark of disgrace associated with circumstance, quality, person

american psychiatric association

main organization of psychiatrists in the us; have guidelines and stuff

diagnostic manual of mental disorders (DSM)

has all the qualifications to diagnose mental disorders

world health organization

organization that does health things worldwide

international classification of mental disorders (ICD)

basically the DSM

eclectic approach

combines different methodologies/perspectives

maladaptive behaviors

behaviors that interfere with person’s daily activities

maladaptive thoughts

thoughts that are false and rationally unsupported

maladaptive relationships

maladaptive behaviors affecting relationships?

biopsychosocial model

biological, psychological, and social intersection and effects on health

medical model

mental illnesses can be diagnosed based on symptoms and treated

diathesis-stress model

genetics and environmental stressors influence disorders

stress

the process by which one relates to/appraises a threat

positive psychology

study of human flourishing

resilience

the ability to resist/quickly recover from hardships

adaption-level phenomenon

adjust our neutral level of life so we get used to both negative and positive things

relative deprivation

comparing up = :), comparing down = :(

signature strengths

character strengths that are most essential to who you are

wisdom

creativity, curiosity, judgement, love of learning, & perspective

courage

bravery, honesty, perseverance, & zest

humanity

kindness, love, & social intelligence

justice

fairness, leadership, & teamwork

temperance

forgiveness, humility, prudence, and self-regulation

transcendence

appreciation of beauty & excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, & spirituality

broaden-and-build theory

positive emotions broaden mental awareness and build skills and resilience that boost well-being

aerobic exercise

sustained, oxygen-consuming exertion

mindfulness meditation

relax and pay attention to inner state, body scan, pay attention to breathing

universal emotions

anger, fear, disgust, happiness, and sadness

display rules

social norms on how people express themselves in certain situations (also can be based on culture)

emotion

a mix of bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience, and feelings

facial-feedback hypothesis

you feel how you look