HSC 4551 Survey of Human Diseases ch. 10, 12, & 13

Which structure drains urine from the​ kidney?

kidney

urethra

nephron

ureter

ureter

Where are the kidneys​ located?

floor of the pelvic cavity

anterior abdomen

retroperitoneal

​mid-thoracic

retroperitoneal

What do the kidneys produce that stimulates red blood cell​ production?

erythropoietin

renin

antidiuretic hormone

urine

erythropoietin

What is a function of the​ nephron?

drain urine from the urinary bladder

filter metabolic waste products

reabsorb acid and urea

regulate salt and water reabsorption

filter metabolic waste products

Which structure within the nephron leads to a collecting​ duct?

loop of henle

distal convoluted tubule

afferent arteriole

proximal tubule

distal convoluted tubule

What is a cause of acute kidney​ injury?

cystitis

diabetes mellitus

shock

seasonal influenza

shock

Which sign will a patient with acute kidney injury​ demonstrate?

joint pain

dysuria

oliguria

blood in the urine

oliguria

In the patient with acute kidney​ injury, which electrolyte should be monitored to prevent cardiac​ arrest?

magnesium

potassium

chloride

sodium

potassium

What should be prescribed to treat lupus​ nephritis?

increased oral fluid intake

decreased dietary calcium intake

​anti-inflammatory drugs

decreased oral protein intake

anti-inflammatory drugs

What symptom suggests that a patient has IgA​ nephropathy?

swelling of the hands and feet

facial edema

ammonia odor on the breath

groin pain

swelling of the hands and feet

What causes lower urinary tract infections​ (UTIs)?

immunoglobulin deposits in the kidney

high carbohydrate diet

dehydration

bacteria

bacteria

How do bacteria enter the bladder during a lower urinary tract infection​ (UTI)?

bacteria are always present in the bladder

ascend the urethra

descend from the kidneys

through the blood stream

ascend the urethra

What predisposes a patient to develop a lower urinary tract infection​ (UTI)?

high sugar content in the diet

after collecting a urine culture

poor hygiene

trauma to the kidney

poor hygiene

A person is diagnosed with inflammation of the urethra. How should this be documented in the medical​ record?

pyuria

cystitis

hematuria

urethritis

urethritis

What symptoms is a patient with dysuria​ experiencing?

painful burning with urination

pus in the urine

urgency

pain in the lower back

painful burning with urination

How should the buildup of toxic materials in the blood be documented in the medical record of a patient with renal​ failure?

uremia

anemia

anuria

pyuria

uremia

Which medication if used​ long-term is associated with the development of chronic kidney​ disease?

antacids

antibiotics

acetaminophen

aspirin

aspirin

A patient with diabetes has frothy urine. Which diagnostic test will most likely be prescribed to determine if the patient has diabetic​ nephropathy?

urinalysis

kidney biopsy

renal ultrasound

fasting blood glucose

kidney biopsy

What instructionshould be provided to a patient with hypertensive kidney​ disease?

take antibiotics as prescribed

smoking cessation

control high blood glucose levels

follow a low carbohydrate diet

smoking cessation

What physical finding indicates that a patient has nephrotic​ syndrome?

edema around the eyes

elevated blood pressure

extreme hunger

morning headache

edema around the eyes

At which point should a patient with renal failure consider renal​ dialysis?

when urine output volume changes

when a kidney biopsy shows tissue changes

when diagnostic tests indicate small kidneys

prior to considering kidney transplant surgery

prior to considering kidney transplant surgery

A patient with chronic renal failure asks for an explanation about hemodialysis. What should be explained to this​ patient?

removes toxic substances through the abdomen

improves kidney function

corrects electrolyte imbalances

removes toxic substances from the blood

removes toxic substances from the blood

A patient has been instructed on the process of hemodialysis. Which patient statement about dialysis is​ correct?

​"I will schedule a treatment when I start to have​ symptoms."

​"I will only need two to three treatments until my kidneys​ heal."

​"A dialysis treatment takes 3 to 6​ hours."

​"I can come home in the middle of a dialysis​ treatment."

​"A dialysis treatment takes 3 to 6​ hours."

A patient with renal failure has limited financial resources. What approach should be considered for this patient to receive required hemodialysis​ treatments?

discuss different banks with loan options for patients needing hemodialysis

schedule one fewer treatments a week

consider a portable dialysis unit to use in the home

instruct the patient to schedule a treatment when resources are available

consider a portable dialysis unit to use in the home

What is a major risk factor for the development of renal cell​ carcinoma?

​high-fat diet

alcohol intake

low fluid intake

smoking

smoking

What is the main sign of renal cell​ carcinoma?

hematuria

dysuria

polyuria

pyuria

hematuria

A patient has a large tumor on the right kidney. Which sign would this patient be expected to​ experience?

low white blood cell count

increased appetite

weigh loss

increased red blood cell count

weigh loss

A patient is diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma. For which treatment should this patient receive​ teaching?

chemotherapy

radiation

insertion of a urinary catheter

surgical removal of the kidney

surgical removal of the kidney

Which patient should be evaluated for a​ Wilm's tumor?

​23-year old young adult

​4-year-old preschooler

​18-year-old adolescent

​12-year-old school-age child

​4-year-old preschooler

What other part of the body might be affected in the patient with polycystic kidney disease​ (PKD?)

liver

muscles

blood

mouth

liver

What causes the symptoms of polycystic kidney disease​ (PKD)?

blood in the urine

high blood pressure

enlarging cysts

growth of tumors

enlarging cysts

What should be prescribed to a cure a patient with polycystic kidney disease​ (PKD)?

surgery to drain cysts

antihypertensive medication

antibiotics

nothing

nothing

A patient being treated for polycystic kidney disease​ (PKD) for 15 years is experiencing new symptoms. Which course of treatment should be considered for this​ patient?

bedrest

fluid restriction

increase physical activity

dialysis

dialysis

What is a characteristic of medullary sponge​ kidney?

causes reduced urine output

present at birth but asymptomatic

diagnosed immediately upon birth

responsive to antibiotic therapy

present at birth but asymptomatic

What is a cause for the development of urinary incontinence in an older​ patient?

urethral sphincter muscles lose tone

lack of bladder tone

reduction in the number of functioning nephrons

increase release of renin

urethral sphincter muscles lose tone

An​ 80-year-old patient has high sodium content in the urine. What could be the cause of this​ finding?

undiagnosed kidney cancer

loss of urinary bladder muscle tone

loss of urethral sphincter muscle tone

reduced aldosterone activity

reduced aldosterone activity

A patient is experiencing urinary retention. Which health problem is this patient at risk for​ developing?

kidney cancer

bladder cancer

urinary tract infection

renal hypertension

urinary tract infection

What is the function of the endocrine​ system?

to secrete insulin

to control the function of pituitary hormones

to secrete chemical messengers into the blood

to increase energy metabolism

to secrete chemical messengers into the blood

When does the body secrete​ hormones?

only as needed to regulate various body processes

when the body needs more glucagon

during sexual development

during body heat production and tissue growth

only as needed to regulate various body processes

What is the function of the posterior pituitary​ gland?

the ADH hormone stimulates water absorption by the kidneys and oxytocin aids in the ejection of prostate gland secretions

the​ follicle-stimulating (FSH) stimulates egg and sperm production and luteinizing hormone​ (LH) stimulates the production of sex hormones

epinephrine causes vasodilation and norepinephrine general vasoconstriction

testosterone regulates sexual development and secondary sex characteristics in males

the ADH hormone stimulates water absorption by the kidneys and oxytocin aids in the ejection of prostate gland secretions

Which​ hormone(s) regulate(s) salt​ balance?

mineralocorticoids

glucocorticoids

antidiuretic hormone

calcitonin

mineralocorticoids

What are the two​ iodine-containing hormones of the thyroid​ gland?

triiodothyronine and isthmus

TH and​ thyroid-stimulating hormone​ (TSH)

thyroid hormone​ (TH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone​ (ACTH)

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Which hormone causes sodium retention and potassium secretion by the​ kidneys?

aldosterone

hydrocortisone

norepinephrine

ACTH

aldosterone

Trauma to the pituitary gland results in which​ disorder?

diabetes insipidus

dwarfism

gigantism

acromegaly

dwarfism

What are some causes of pituitary​ dwarfism?

delayed sexual development and short stature for age

medications and surgery

​genetics, tumor, radiation

maternal alcoholism

​genetics, tumor, radiation

What is the treatment of choice for​ acromegaly?

medication

surgery

radiation

GH replacement therapy

surgery

Which disease is characterized by risk factors such​ as, being​ female, over​ 50, and having an autoimmune​ disorder?

thyroid cancer

hyperthyroidism

hypothyroidism

goiter

hypothyroidism

Failure of the thyroid gland to migrate to its normal anatomical position results from which​ condition?

goiter

​Grave's disease

hyperparathyroidism

congenital hypothyroidism

congenital hypothyroidism

What are the signs and symptoms of​ hyperparathyroidism?

tetany and lethargy

GI​ disturbances, abdominal​ pain, vomiting, and constipation

​nausea, vomiting,​ diarrhea, and tachycardia

GI​ disturbances, weight​ loss, and fatigue

GI​ disturbances, abdominal​ pain, vomiting, and constipation

A decrease in which hormone manifests in a decrease in lean body mass in men after age​ 30?

growth hormone

insulin

T3​:T4 ratio

aldosterone

growth hormone

A decrease in the​ kidney's ability to secrete renin as we age may result in which​ symptoms?

changes in blood pressure and dehydration

hypotension and heart disease

obesity and tachycardia

hypertension and increased body fat

changes in blood pressure and dehydration

A decrease in insulin resistance leads to a greater incidence of which​ disease?

T1DM

pancreatic cancer

T2DM

obesity

T2DM

What organs compose the central nervous​ system, integrating and interpreting sensory​ output, and directing all activities of the​ body?

CSF and CNS

brain and spinal cord

pia mater and dura mater

neurons

brain and spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system is controlled by​ _________________________.

CNS

glial cells

motor nerves

sensory nerves

CNS

What is the basic unit of the nervous​ system?

meninges

neuron

brain

spinal cord

neuron

What type of neuron sends messages to muscles from the central nervous​ system, causing muscle​ contractions?

motor neuron

axon

interneuron

sensory neuron

motor neuron

In what part of the brain do intelligence and personality​ reside?

cerebellum

thalamus

medulla oblongata

cerebrum

cerebrum

Traumatic injury to the brain may result from​ ____________________.

external physical force

epilepsy

stroke

spinal cord injury

external physical force

What noninvasive test records the​ brain's electrical​ activity?

electroencephalography

angiography

myelography

ultrasound

electroencephalography

What is the leading cause of traumatic brain​ injury?

firearms incidents

falls

sports injuries

motorcycle accidents

falls

Which is a symptom of the traumatic brain injury called​ concussion?

​short-term loss of consciousness

​long-term impairment of brain function

muscle incoordination

amnesia

​short-term loss of consciousness

Severe traumatic brain injuries are involved in what percentage of​ injury-related deaths in the​ U.S.?

1/4

1/3

2/3

1/2

1/3

The type of generalized epileptic seizure that has symptoms of repeated jerking movements of muscles on both sides of the body is​ ______________.

myoclonic

tonic

clonic

absence

clonic

What type of generalized epileptic seizure has symptoms of loss of normal muscle​ tone?

absence

tonic

simple focal

atonic

atonic

What is a symptom of myoclonic​ seizure?

loss of consciousness

loss of normal muscle tone

jerking or twitching of the upper body and arms

repeated jerking movements of muscles on both sides of the body

jerking or twitching of the upper body and arms

The type of generalized epileptic seizure that is referred to as petit mal and includes symptoms of daydreaming is​ ______________________.

​tonic-clonic

absence

clonic

tonic

absence

What type of generalized epileptic seizure is referred to as grand mal and includes a mixture of all generalized seizure​ symptoms?

clonic

​tonic-clonic

tonic

atonic

​tonic-clonic

Which risk factor for stroke is​ uncontrollable?

high blood pressure

prior stroke

atrial fibrillation

atherosclerosis

prior stroke

What is the cause of the sudden interruption of blood flow to part of the brain during​ stroke?

burst blood vessel

abnormal electrical activity

simple focal

cranial nerve inflammation

burst blood vessel

How many people have strokes in the U.S. each​ year?

​200,000

​600,000

​800,000

​400,000

​800,000

How many people does stroke kill in the U.S. each​ year?

​110,000

​120,000

​100,000

130,000

130,000

What percentage of all strokes result from a burst blood​ vessel?

​10%

​15%

​5%

​20%

​15%

Disorders of the cranial nerves may affect​ _________________________.

motor function

cognitive function

hearing

speaking

hearing

Inflammation of the cranial nerves is associated with​ _______________.

facial paralysis

viral infection of the brain

inflammation of the brain

acute inflammation of the first two meninges

facial paralysis

What is the main symptom of trigeminal​ neuralgia?

severe chronic pain

stiffening of muscles

involuntary movements

repeated jerking movements

severe chronic pain

What is another name for trigeminal​ neuralgia?

Lou​ Gehrig's disease

tic douloureux

grand mal

petit mal

tic douloureux

The cause of trigeminal neuralgia may be related to​ __________________.

bacteria infection

viral infection

demyelation of neurons

immune disorder

demyelation of neurons

How many cases of meningitis and how many deaths from the disease are there in the U.S. each​ year?

​3,000 cases, and 400 deaths

​1,000 cases and 200 deaths

​2,000 cases and 300 deaths

​4,000 cases and 500 deaths

​4,000 cases and 500 deaths

Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the​ ______________________.

medulla oblongata

cerebellum

pia mater

pia dura

pia mater

What is the most common type of​ meningitis?

enterovirus

neisseria meningitides

herpes simplex

streptococcus pneumoniae

enterovirus

How is encephalitis​ diagnosed?

lumbar puncture

MRI

physical examination of the face

CT

lumbar puncture

What body parts does the poliomyelitis virus​ infect?

motor neuron

interneuron

meninges

sensory neuron

motor neuron

What percentage of people over age 85 have​ Alzheimer's disease?

​75%

​10%

​25%

​50%

​50%

What abnormalities appear in​ Alzheimer's disease brain​ tissue?

destruction of motor areas and nerves

death of​ dopamine-producing neurons

damage to myelin sheath surrounding axons of motor neurons

dense knots of protein deposits called plaques

dense knots of protein deposits called plaques

Which is a symptom of​ Alzheimer's disease?

masklike facial muscles

shaking of the hands and head

twitching and weakness in the limbs

loss of spatial and temporal orientation

loss of spatial and temporal orientation

What degenerative central nervous system disease begins with memory loss and​ confusion?

multiple sclerosis

​alzheimer's disease

​parkinson's disease

​huntington's chorea

​alzheimer's disease

What is the life expectancy of a person who has been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral​ sclerosis?

​3-5 years

​1-3 years

​5-7 years

6 months

​3-5 years

The cause of spina bifida is​ _____________________________.

a neural tube defect

brain damage

an imbalance in cerebrospinal fluid production and drainage

a brain tumor

a neural tube defect

In what form of spina bifida does an opening expose the spinal​ cord?

meningocele

myelocele

hydrocephalus

occulta

myelocele

What is the treatment for spina​ bifida?

amniocentesis

surgery

folic acid supplements

​alpha-feto protein

surgery

Of the four million babies born in the U.S. each​ year, how many are born with spina​ bifida?

​15,000

​1,500

150

15

1,500

How many children are born with the common birth​ defect, hydrocephalus, in the​ U.S.?

1 in 500 births

1 in 100 births

1 in​ 5,000 births

1 in​ 1,000 births

1 in 500 births

How many new cases of brain tumors occur in the U.S. each​ year?

​13,000

​43,000

​33,000

​23,000

​23,000

How many people die from brain tumors each year in the​ U.S.?

​24,000

​34,000

​14,000

​4,000

​14,000

What are brain​ tumors?

viral infection

death of dopamine producing neurons

abnormal masses of tissue

dense knots of protein deposits

abnormal masses of tissue

What type of brain tumor arises from other​ cancers?

metastatic

primary

trismus

hydrocephalus

metastatic

Which group has the most cases of brain​ tumor?

​hispanic, latino, or spanish

blacks or african americans

whites

american indians or alaskan natives

whites

Which disease is associated with older​ age?

hydrocephalus

​alzheimer's

reye syndrome

cerebral palsy

alzheimer's

Aging is a factor in​ _____.

tetanus

rabies

shingles

botulism

shingles

Which disease typically has its onset in middle​ age?

multiple sclerosis

encephalitis

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

​alzheimer's

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis