Studied by 3 people
What was the main challenge that early plant life on land face?
Drying out
What adaptations allowed plants to colonize the land?
They adapted in ways that helped them avoid drying out, structural support, capturing sunlight, and dispersal of reproductive cells.
Identify the main characteristics of seedless nonvascular plants
They have alternating generations, they are often very short, They do not have “real roots” as their roots main function is anchoring the plant not absorption.
What are the three phyla of bryophytes?
Hepaticophyta (Liverworts), Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts), and Bryophyta (Mosses)
What are the two different generations seedless plants have?
Sporophyte and gametophyte
What is the ploidy of the Gametophyte generation?
Haploid (n)
What is the ploidy of the sporophyte generation?
Diploid (2n)
What’s the difference between an extinct and existent species?
An extinct species is one that has lost all genetic heritage
What adaptations did nonvascular plants make to transition to vascular plants.
They grew a stem, roots and a vascular system.
What are the benefit of roots?
They help stabilize the plant, they also allow for more water an mineral absorbance.
What are the benefits of a stem?
Allows for the plant to grow taller which can let it get more sunlight, and spread it spores/pollen farther.
What are the main components of a vascular system?
Xylem and Phloem
What does the vascular system do in plants.
Moves water, minerals, and nurturance around the plant.
What is the function of Xylem?
Conduct water and minerals from soil up to the shoot.
What is the function of phloem?
Transport products of photosynthesis throughout the entire plant.
What are some examples of seedless vascular plants?
Horsetails and ferns
What are the two major innovations that allowed seed plants to reproduce in the absence of water?
Pollen and fruits
What is the propose of pollen?
It is the male gamete, and it is dispersed by pollinators or wind.
What is the poupous of seeds?
It is an embryo that is protected by a seed coat.
What are the two types of seeding plants?
Angiosperms and gymnosperms
What is significance of gymnosperms?
“naked seeds”, they lack flowers but they keep their seed exposed on a scale.
What is significance of angiosperms?
They are flowering plants.
What are the two types of angiosperms?
Monocots and eudicots
What is A?
Stamen
What is B?
Anther
What is C?
Filament
What is D?
Stigma
What is E?
Style
What is F?
Ovary
What is G?
Sepal
What is H?
Pistil
What is the difference in seed in monocots and eudicot?
Eudicots have multiple cotyledons while Monocots only have one.
What is the difference in leaf vascular system in monocots and eudicot?
Monocots have parallel vein structures, while eudicots have a network structure.
What is the difference in vascular systems in monocots and eudicot?
Monocots have scattered vascular systems while eudicots have a ring like structures.
What is the difference in petals in monocots and eudicot?
Monocots have sets of three petals, while eudicots have sets of four petals.
Dermal tissue
Involved in protection and gas/ion exchange
Vascular tissues
xylem and phloem
Ground tissues
metabolism, storage, and support \n activities
Where does primary growth (taller) occur?
Apical meristems (tips of root and stem)
Where does secondary growth (wider) occur?
Lateral meristems
What is the function of the stem?
supports the leaves, conduct water, and transports minerals from roots.
Nodes
Points of attachment for leaves, aerial roots, and flowers
Internodes
regions between two nodes
Petiole
stalk that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf
Axillary bud
usually found in the axil—the area between the base of a leaf and the stem—where it can give rise to a branch or a flower
Apical bud
The apex (tip) of the shoot contains the apical meristem
What are the functions of roots?
To anchor plants, absorb water and dissolved minerals, and storage
What are the two types of root systems?
Tap, and fibrous roots
What type of root is this?
Fibrous Root
What type of root is this?
Tap root
What happens in the area of maturation?
Root hairs are grown
What happens in the area of elongation?
Cells in the root elongate
What happens in the area of cell division?
cell division and growth occurs here
What is the function of leaves?
photosynthesis, exchange of gasses, and transpiration
Lamina/leaf blade
widest part of the leaf
Petiole
The small stem that attaches the leaf to the stem.
What is A?
Upper Epidermis
What is B?
Mesophyll
What is C?
Lower Epidermis
What is D?
Palisade mesophyll/Parenchyma
What is E?
Spongy mesophyll/Parenchyma
What is F?
Cuticle
What is G?
Guard Cell
What is H?
Stoma
Epidermis
on top and bottom of leaf, usually one cell-layer thick.
Palisade mesophyll
upper layer of photosynthetic cells, just below upper epidermis
Spongy mesophyll
lower layer of photosynthetic cells, below the palisade cell layer
Water potential
potential energy of water
Phototropism
Is a directional response that allows plants to grow towards, or even away from, light.
Gravitropism
Negative: Shoot grows against gravity
Positive: Roots grow with gravity
Note 
Flashcard (24)