Exam 3 - Plants

Chapters 25-27

What was the main challenge that early plant life on land face?

Drying out

What adaptations allowed plants to colonize the land?

They adapted in ways that helped them avoid drying out, structural support, capturing sunlight, and dispersal of reproductive cells.

Identify the main characteristics of seedless nonvascular plants

They have alternating generations, they are often very short, They do not have “real roots” as their roots main function is anchoring the plant not absorption.

What are the three phyla of bryophytes?

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Hepaticophyta (Liverworts), Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts), and Bryophyta (Mosses)

What are the two different generations seedless plants have?

Sporophyte and gametophyte

What is the ploidy of the Gametophyte generation?

Haploid (n)

What is the ploidy of the sporophyte generation?

Diploid (2n)

What’s the difference between an extinct and existent species?

An extinct species is one that has lost all genetic heritage

What adaptations did nonvascular plants make to transition to vascular plants.

They grew a stem, roots and a vascular system.

What are the benefit of roots?

They help stabilize the plant, they also allow for more water an mineral absorbance.

What are the benefits of a stem?

Allows for the plant to grow taller which can let it get more sunlight, and spread it spores/pollen farther.

What are the main components of a vascular system?

Xylem and Phloem

What does the vascular system do in plants.

Moves water, minerals, and nurturance around the plant.

What is the function of Xylem?

Conduct water and minerals from soil up to the shoot.

What is the function of phloem?

Transport products of photosynthesis throughout the entire plant.

What are some examples of seedless vascular plants?

Horsetails and ferns

What are the two major innovations that allowed seed plants to reproduce in the absence of water?

Pollen and fruits

What is the propose of pollen?

It is the male gamete, and it is dispersed by pollinators or wind.

What is the poupous of seeds?

It is an embryo that is protected by a seed coat.

What are the two types of seeding plants?

Angiosperms and gymnosperms

What is significance of gymnosperms?

“naked seeds”, they lack flowers but they keep their seed exposed on a scale.

What is significance of angiosperms?

They are flowering plants.

What are the two types of angiosperms?

Monocots and eudicots

What is A?

Stamen

What is B?

Anther

What is C?

Filament

What is D?

Stigma

What is E?

Style

What is F?

Ovary

What is G?

Sepal

What is H?

Pistil

What is the difference in seed in monocots and eudicot?

Eudicots have multiple cotyledons while Monocots only have one.

What is the difference in leaf vascular system in monocots and eudicot?

Monocots have parallel vein structures, while eudicots have a network structure.

What is the difference in vascular systems in monocots and eudicot?

Monocots have scattered vascular systems while eudicots have a ring like structures.

What is the difference in petals in monocots and eudicot?

Monocots have sets of three petals, while eudicots have sets of four petals.

Dermal tissue

Involved in protection and gas/ion exchange

Vascular tissues

xylem and phloem

Ground tissues

metabolism, storage, and support \n activities

Where does primary growth (taller) occur?

Apical meristems (tips of root and stem)

Where does secondary growth (wider) occur?

Lateral meristems

What is the function of the stem?

supports the leaves, conduct water, and transports minerals from roots.

Nodes

Points of attachment for leaves, aerial roots, and flowers

Internodes

regions between two nodes

Petiole

stalk that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf

Axillary bud

usually found in the axil—the area between the base of a leaf and the stem—where it can give rise to a branch or a flower

Apical bud

The apex (tip) of the shoot contains the apical meristem

What are the functions of roots?

To anchor plants, absorb water and dissolved minerals, and storage

What are the two types of root systems?

Tap, and fibrous roots

What type of root is this?

Fibrous Root

What type of root is this?

Tap root

What happens in the area of maturation?

Root hairs are grown

What happens in the area of elongation?

Cells in the root elongate

What happens in the area of cell division?

cell division and growth occurs here

What is the function of leaves?

photosynthesis, exchange of gasses, and transpiration

Lamina/leaf blade

widest part of the leaf

Petiole

The small stem that attaches the leaf to the stem.

What is A?

Upper Epidermis

What is B?

Mesophyll

What is C?

Lower Epidermis

What is D?

Palisade mesophyll/Parenchyma

What is E?

Spongy mesophyll/Parenchyma

What is F?

Cuticle

What is G?

Guard Cell

What is H?

Stoma

Epidermis

on top and bottom of leaf, usually one cell-layer thick.

Palisade mesophyll

upper layer of photosynthetic cells, just below upper epidermis

Spongy mesophyll

lower layer of photosynthetic cells, below the palisade cell layer

Water potential

potential energy of water

Phototropism

Is a directional response that allows plants to grow towards, or even away from, light.

Gravitropism

Negative: Shoot grows against gravity

Positive: Roots grow with gravity