AP Computer Science Principles AP Exam Review

Internet

Collection of networks, hierarchical, redundant

End-to-end architecture

Network design where end nodes provide functionalities

Device

Mechanical or electronic equipment for specific purposes

Network

Connected devices via cable, wi-fi, or satellite

Internet Protocol (IP)

Rules governing data format over the Internet

Domain Name System (DNS)

Translates domain names to IP addresses

IP address

Unique string identifying a computer on a network

IPv6

New IP address system with 128-bit addresses

IPv4

Old IP address system with 32-bit addresses

HTTP/HTTPS

Rules for Web browsers and servers communication

SMTP

Protocol for email transmission

IETF

Defines standard Internet protocols like TCP/IP

Redundancy

Duplication of critical components for backup

Routing

Sending data packets through routers

Reliability

Dependability of a system to work

Protocols

Well-known set of rules or procedures

Interfaces

Shared boundary for information exchange

Packet Switching

Data grouping for transmission

TCP/IP

Basic Internet communication protocol

Browser

Software for Web content presentation

SSL/TLS

Cryptographic protocols for security

Bandwidth

Data amount transmitted in a set time

Latency

Time for data packet travel between points

Trust model

Determines data security strength

Cybersecurity

Protection from network attacks

Cyber warfare

Using tech to disrupt state activities

DDoS

Flooding bandwidth to slow or shut systems

Binary Sequences

Combinations of 0s and 1s, e.g., 1101=13

Programming Languages

Formal computer languages to communicate instructions

Real Numbers (Floating-Point)

Representation of decimal numbers

Software

Programs and operating information for computers

Levels of Abstractions

Differentiation between high and low-level programming

Boolean Function

Functions that return true or false

Logic Gate

Gate that performs 'or' or 'and' operations

Chip (as an Abstraction)

Small piece of semi-conducting material

Hardware

Physical components of computers

Data vs Information

Information provides context for data

Iterative

Involving repetition or looping

Filter

Removing redundant or unwanted information

Clustering

Grouping similar information

Data Classification

Organizing data into categories

Patterns

Identifying links between variables

Visualization(s)

Data presented graphically, e.g., Baby Name Voyager

Extract(ing)

Retrieving data from sources

Trend

Identifying patterns over time

Search Tools

Engines like Google for finding information

Metadata

Data about data, e.g., image memory size

Data File Formats

Encoding of bits, e.g., .jpg, .xml

Lossless Data Compression

Compression without data loss, like zip files

Storage Media

Devices like USBs, hard drives, DVDs

Privacy Concerns

Concerns about unauthorized data access

Security Concerns

Concerns about device and data safety

Algorithm

Sequence of actions to be performed

Sequencing

Establishing the order of actions

Boolean Condition

Comparison resulting in true or false

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