P+T - Ideologies & Revolutions: Quad. Alliance - Casper D Friedrich

Quadruple Alliance

Was initially formed in 1813 by Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia during the last part of the Napoleonic Wars with the aim of defeating Napoleon. It was renewed in November 20, 1815 to keep French aggression from resurfacing and to provide the machinery needed to enforce the peace settlement agreed upon at the Congress of Vienna. Each country pledged to place 60,000 men on the field should French aggression become an issue. Decided to reconvene on occasion to address other European problems and keep European political development within 1815 settlement terms.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Born August 28, 1749 and died March 22, 1832. was a German poet, playwright, novelist, statesman, critic, theatre director, novelist and artist. Considered one of the greatest German literary figures of the modern era, has written pieces considered classical and from a European perspective stands as a representative of the Romantic movement. Notably, wrote "The Sorrows of Young Werther", a 1774 novel about a young man who falls in love but eventually kills himself, and "The Erl-King", a dramatic ballad in 1782 about a Germanic legend about a child-luring elf haunting the Black Forest.

Grimm brothers (fairytales)

Children's and Household Tales is a collection of German fairy tales first published in 1812.

William Wordsworth

a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballad

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

an English poet, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets.

Percy Bysshe Shelley

was one of the major English Romantic poets, and is regarded by some as among the finest lyric, as well as epic, poets in the English language

John Keats

English Romantic poet. He was one of the main figures of the second generation of Romantic poets, along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley, despite his work having been in publication for only four years before his death.

William Blake

was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognized during his lifetime, is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age.

Alfred Tennyson

was Poet Laureate of Great Britain and Ireland during much of Queen Victoria's reign and remains one of the most popular British poets

Sir Walter Scott

was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature

Honore de Balzac

was a French novelist and playwright. The novel sequence La Comédie Humaine, which presents a panorama of post-Napoleonic French life, is generally viewed as his magnum opus.

Alexander Dumas

was a French writer. His works have been translated into nearly 100 languages, and he is one of the most widely read French authors.

Alexander Pushkin

was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. was born into Russian nobility in Moscow.

Nikolai Gogol

Born March 19, 1831 and died March 4, 1852. He was Ukrainian born but was a Russian humorist, dramatist and novelist, best known for "Dead Souls" and "The Overcoat". Both stories are considered the basis of the 19th-century tradition of Russian realism.

Eugene Delacroix

A prominent French artist, his use of colors influenced the development of impressionist and post-impressionist painting styles. Born April 26, 1798 and died August 13, 1863.

J.M.W. Turner

British artist J.M.W. Turner was born April 23, 1775 and died December 19, 1851. Turner is best known for his landscape paintings that started as realistic but progressively developed into a style seen as part of the beginning of Impressionism.

Francisco Goya

A Spanish artist who lived from March 30, 1746 to April 16, 1828, paintings, drawings and engravings helped to influence other 19th- and 20th- century painters by reflecting contemporary historical uprisings. Particularly notable artwork include "The Disasters of War", which depicted the Napoleonic invasion.

neo-classical

Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from classical art and culture of Ancient Greece or Rome.

neo Gothic

Architecture that pulled from medieval styles, reviving the use of Gothic style.

Richard Wagner

German composer was born May 22, 1813 and died February 13, 1883. His compositions went on to influence Western music. Noteworthy compositions include "Der Ring des Nibelungen" and "Parsifal". He held anti-Semitic views.

George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel "dialectic"

was a German philosopher, born August 27, 1770 and died November 14, 1831. He helped to develop a form of dialectics (a term used to describe a philosophical argument comprised of contradiction between opposing sides) known as dialectics, in which opposing sides are contradicting subject matter instead of contradicting people.

Pietism

A religious reformation movement that started among German Lutherans in the 17th century emphasizing personal faith.

Quakers

In the mid-1600's, George Fox created this society, which opposed religious formalism, war, and taking oaths

Methodists (John Wesley)

During the 1700's, this movement opposed the formalism of the established Church of England, and emphasized salvation through in Jesus Christ alone.

Peterloo Massacre

August 1819: troops fired on a large crowd that had gathered at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester to hear speeches on parliamentary reform and the repeal of the corn laws. 11 people were killed

Tory

The British political party stood against the Whigs, initially entering politics to oppose the Whig-supported Exclusion Bill. The Exclusion Bill was intended to exclude the presumptive heir to the throne, James, the Duke of York, from the English, Scottish and Irish thrones because he was Roman Catholic.

Whig

Formally organized in 1834, the Party was a major political party in Britain that opposed absolute monarchy.

Reform Bill of 1832

was a parliamentary act changing the electoral systems of England and Wales by expanding the House of Commons electorate and rationalizing the body's representation.

Irish Potato Famine

winter of 1845-1846; the potato crop failed which was the base for many diets in Ireland, causing starvation and diseases.

Chartists

working class movement; goal was to gain the political rights and influence for the working classes.

Louis XVIII

French king from 1793 at the age of 8 to his death in 1795. The son of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.

Charles X

French king from 1824 to 1930.

German Confederation

An organization of 39 German states, was established in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna in order to replace the Holy Roman Empire.

Magyars

An ethnic group in Hungary.

Burschenschafter

were founded in the 19th century as associations of university students inspired by liberal and nationalistic ideas.

Guiseppe Mazzini

Was an Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy and spearheaded the Italian revolutionary movement.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

was an Italian general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy

Tsar Alexander I

Born December 23, 1777 and died December 1, 1825 and was the emperor of Russia from 1801-1825. he both fought and was friends with Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars and participated in the Congress of Vienna.

Decembrist Revolt

The event where Russian revolutionaries led an unsuccessful revolt on December 26, 1825 in Peter's square, protesting against Nicholas I's inheritance of the Russian throne.

Tsar Nichols I

Russian Leader

Jeremy Bentham

English Philosopher, founder of modern utilitarianism.

John Stuart Mill

Born May 20, 1806 and died May 8, 1873, English philosopher is best remembered as a logician and ethical theorist. More noteworthy works include "On Liberty" and "A System of Logic".

Socialism

This was used to end poverty and the rich. In this ideology people would own and operate the means of production

Utopian Socialism

Political and social ideology drawing from earlier communist and socialist ideals.

Robert Owen

Was a Welsh social reformer and firm believer in socialism

Henry de Saint-Simon

Born October 17, 1760 and died May 19, 1825, French social theorist helped found Christian socialism (ideology that tried to apply Christian social principles to modern life).

Charles Fourier

A French philosopher born April 7, 1772 and died October 10, 1837. was an advocate for societal reconstruction, developing a system called Fourierism focused on reorganizing society into self-sufficient bodies able to cooperate with each other.

Louis Blanc

was a French politician and historian. A socialist who favored reforms, he called for the creation of cooperatives in order to guarantee employment for the urban poor

Karl Marx

During the 1840's, this person wrote in their printing, "The Communist Manifesto", that it is inevitable that workers will eventually overpower the middle class and take over society.

Anarchism

belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.

Prague Conference, Austroslavism

Inspired by the French Revolution, various nations under oppression from the Austro-Hungarian Empire fought back against those in power for both self-preservation and the preservation of Europe. From June 2 to June 12, 1848, the voices and opinions of Europe's Slav populations were heard together. Austroslavism is the political idea to solve problems among Slavic individuals.

Humiliation of Olmutz

The Punctation of Olmütz (German: Olmützer Punktation), also called the Agreement of Olmütz, was a treaty between Prussia and Austria, dated 29 November 1850, by which Prussia abandoned the Erfurt Union and accepted the revival of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership.

Volksgeist

is a German loanword (literally meaning "spirit of the people" or "National character") for a unique "spirit" possessed collectively by each people or nation. The idea is often attributed to the philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder, but he never actually used the word.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

was a German philosopher who became a founding figure of the philosophical movement known as German idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Kant

Carbonari

(early 19th-century) Italian secret society members advocating liberal and patriotic ideas; their influence prepared a way for the Risorgimento movement which resulted in Italian unification

Treaty of Adrianople, 1829

The Treaty of Adrianople concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29, between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It was signed on 14 September 1829

Earl Grey

(1802 - 1894) A British statesman who became the first British minister to pursue a policy of self-government for the colonies

sturm and drang

a late 18th century German literary movement characterized by works containing rousing action and high emotionalism that often deal with the individual's revolt against society. turmoil.

Caspar David Friedrich

was a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation