mid year review

Dred Scott Decision

Determined that slaves were property and could not become free by moving to a free state or territory

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Ostend Manifesto

The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) slave trade abolished in DC, and (4) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction

Carpetbaggers

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

John Brown's Raid

Began when he and his men took over the arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hopes of starting a slave rebellion.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Sharecropping

a tenant farmer who gives a part of each crop as rent.

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Granger Laws

A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates.

Cross of Gold Speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Wabash v. Illinois

Supreme court ruling that states could not regulate interstate commerce

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years

Dawes Act

1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans

Radical Republicans

These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after.

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help.

Wounded Knee

1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance

Little Big Horn

General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

Transatlantic Cable

Invented by Cyrus W. Fields; made it possible to send messages across the seas in an instant's time.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Andrew Carnegie

Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way.. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Samuel Morse

invented the telegraph

Madame C.J. Walker

American entrepreneur who developed hair products especially for black women and built the most successful company owned by an African American at that time.

Garrett Morgan

African American inventor whose inventions included the traffic light and the gas mask

Henry Flagler

One of the partners in Standard Oil; builder of Florida East Coast Railway; founded Palm Beach and "father" of Miami in 1890s

American Federation of Labor

The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886. Skilled worker only.

Knights of Labor

Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked

Haymarket Riot

1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence

Pullman Strike

1894 - nonviolent strike (brought down the railway system in most of the West) at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages - Prez. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery

Homestead Strike

Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers

collective bargaining

Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract

scab worker

new immigrants who would replace strikers and work for less pay.

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Angel Island

The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay.

Ellis Island

Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892

political machine

a strong party organization that can control political appointments and deliver votes

Tammany Hall

most notorious political machine; NY city; Marcy Tweed also know as Boss Tweed became head in 1863

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States

Temperance Movement

A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago.

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements.

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

Big Stick Policy

Theodore Roosevelt's method for achieving American goals in the Caribbean; it featured the threat and use of military force to promote America's commercial supremacy, to limit European intervention in the region, and to protect the Panama Canal.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Treaty of Portsmouth

1905 treaty between Russia and Japan ending the Russo-Japanese War

Dollar Diplomacy

the use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence.

Alfred Mahan

He believed that the future of military power lay in the navy. Wrote Influence of Seapower on History

Platt Amendment

Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War. Won the Battle of San Juan Hill

Sussex Pledge

German pledge to warn neutral ships and passenger vessels before attacking

Zimmerman Telegram

This was sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Sedition Act

made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

Espionage Act

This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

War Bonds/Liberty Bonds

Certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the war.

Committee on Public Information

government organization that produced propaganda to build support for the war

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Big Four

Italy, France, England, and the U.S. 4 powers who met at Versallies to discuss peace

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's post WWI plan, most of which was rejected by European leaders following the war.

Daws Plan

American investors loaned Germany 2.5 billion to back back Britain and France with annual payments on a fixed scale

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Four Power Treaty

US, Great Britain, France and Japan, intended to respect interests of others in Pacific Islands, notify in event that any other country launches an attack in area. It agreed to cease battleship production for ten years and reduce fleet of capital ships to a fixed ratio.

Washington Naval Conference

1921 - president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence

Teapot Dome Scandal

Involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921. Albert Fall, Secretary of Interior.

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909, by W.E.B. DuBois, to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

Sacco and Vanzetti

were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime

anarchist

A person who opposes all forms of government.

Volestead Act

the piece of legislation that was passed that made the sale of alchol illegal

Fundamentalist Movement

taking everything in the Bible literally

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who challenged social traditions with their dress and behavior

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Rosewood Incident

racially motivated massacre of several African Americans in a Florida town that ignited as a result of a rumor that a black man had assaulted a white woman

Bank Holiday

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops