med term chap. 6

kidney

One of two bean-shaped organs located on each side of the vertebral column on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity covered anteriorly by parietal peritoneum

nephron

urine-producing microscopic structure

glomerulus

cluster of capillaries at the entrance of the nephron. The process of filtering the blood, thereby forming urine, begins here.

renal pelvis

funnel-shaped reservoir in the kidney that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter

hilum

indentation on the medial side of the kidney where the renal artery, vein, and pelvis are located and the ureter leaves the kidney

ureters

two slender tubes, approximately 10 to 13 inches long, that receive the urine from the kidneys and carry it to the posterior portion of the bladder

urinary bladder

muscular, hollow organ that temporarily holds the urine

urethra

lowest part of the urinary tract, through which the urine passes from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

urinary meatus

opening through which the urine passes to the outside

hem/o

blood

son/o

sound

a-

absence of, without

dys-

painful, difficult, abnormal, labored

poly-

many, much

trans-

across, through, beyond

-al, -ary

pertaining to

-cele

hernia, protrusion

-ectomy

excision, surgical removal

-emia

in the blood

-gram

the record, radiographic image

-graphy

process of recording, radiographic imaging

-ia

diseased or abnormal state, condition of

-itis

inflammation

-logist

one who studies and treats

-logy

study of

-megaly

enlargement

-oma

tumor, swelling

-osis

abnormal condition

-plasty

surgical repair

-scope

instrument usedfor visual examination

-scopy

visual examination

-stenosis

constriction or narrowing

-stomy

creation of an artificial opening

-tomy

cut into, incision

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

cystocele

protrusion of the bladder

cystolith

stone in the bladder

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney

hydronephrosis

abnormal condition of water in the kidney

nephritis

inflammation of the kidney

nephroblastoma

kidney tumor containing developing cells

nephrolithiasis

condition of stones in the kidney

nephroma

tumor of the kidney

nephromegaly

enlargement of the kidney

nephroptosis

drooping kidney

pyelitis

inflammation of the renal pelvis

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney

uremia

urine in the blood

ureteritis

inflammation of a ureter

ureterocele

protrusion of a ureter

ureterolithiasis

condition of stones in the ureter

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

ureterostenosis

narrowing of the ureter

urethrocystitis

inflammation of the urethra and bladder

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

reflux pertaining to the bladder and ureter

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

abrupt decline in kidney function that occurs over hours to days and is usually reversible

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

condition in which kidneys no longer function on their own. Dialysis or kidney transplantation is necessary for survival.

epispadias

congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the upper surface of the penis

hypospadias

congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the underside of the penis

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

condition in which the kidney contains many cysts causing progressive interference with the ability to form urine

renal calculus (pl. calculi)

stone in the kidney

renal hypertension

elevated blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

urinary retention

abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate

urinary suppression

sudden stoppage of urine formation

urinary tract infection (UTI)

infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract

cystectomy

excision of the bladder

cystolithotomy

incision into the bladder to remove stones

cystostomy

creation of an artificial opening into the bladder

lithotripsy

surgical crushing of a stone

meatotomy

incision into the meatus

nephrectomy

excision of a kidney

nephrolithotomy

incision into a kidney to remove a stone

nephrolithotripsy

surgical crushing of stone(s) in the kidney

nephrolysis

separating the kidney

nephropexy

surgical fixation of the kidney

nephrostomy

creation of an artificial opening into the kidney

pyelolithotomy

incision of the renal pelvis to remove a stone

pyeloplasty

surgical repair of the renal pelvis

ureterectomy

excision of the ureter

ureterostomy

creation of an artificial opening into the ureter

Urtheroplasty

surgical repair of the urethra

Urostomy

creation of an artificial opening in the urinary tract

vesicourethral suspension

suspension pertaining to the bladder and urethra

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Noninvasive surgical procedure to crush stone(s) in the kidney or ureter by administration of repeated shockwaves. Stone fragments are eliminated from the body in urine. (Also called shock wave lithotripsy SWL)

fulguration

destruction of living tissue with an electric spark

renal transplant

surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient with inadequate renal function

cystogram

radiographic image of the bladder

cystography

radiographic imaging of the bladder

nephrosonography

process of recording the kidney using sound

renogram

radiographic record of the kidney

retrograde urogram

radiographic image of the urinary tract

urogram

radiographic image of the urinary tract

voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)

radiographic imaging of the bladder and the urethra

cystoscope

instrument used for visual examination of the bladder

cystoscopy

visual examination of the bladder

nephroscopy

visual examination of the kidney

ureteroscopy

visual examination of the ureter

KUB

simple radiographic image of the abdomen

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

test that determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism