KIN 3304: Exam 1, 2 and 3 combined

Which law states that ligaments, muscles and other soft tissues will adapt over time to the stressed placed upon them?

Davis's law

Which law states that bones reshape themselves based on the stresses placed upon them?

Wolff's law

Compound movable pulley provide which of the following functions?

Move a heavy load with less physical effort

Provides mechanical advantage

When flexing the hip maximally and simultaneously extending the knee, the hamstring can reach ______?

Active insufficiency

How much muscles tension is required to balance a 5 newton resistance, given that the distance between the weight and the joint is 20 centimeters and the distance between the muscle tendon of insertion is 10 centimeters?

10

How much muscle tension is required to balance a 10 newton resistance, given that the distance between the resistance and the joint is 40 centimeters and the distance between the muscle tendon of insertion and the joints 10 centimeters?

40

A muscle can develop different degrees of tension by altering?

changing the length of the muscle fibers before contraction

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about antagonist muscle?

These muscles work against agonist muscles by contracting and preventing movement

You are sitting on a table with your knee extended maximally. Very slowly, you flex your knee maximally. What type of muscle contraction occurs during this movement?

Quadriceps: concentric

Hamstrings: eccentric

Tension development is minimized in muscle fibers that are _____ of their resting length?

stretched (130%)

The length of the muscle during its contraction is a factor in ______?

The amount of force produced

Which of the following would increase the amount of force needed to move a lever?

Increase in resistance

What happens when successive stimuli are provided to a muscle before the relaxation phase of the first twitch is complete?

If 2nd stimulus is given before relaxation phase of the 1st is complete, it combines with the 1st

Generates a greater amount of tension than a single contraction would produce individually (summation)

Reciprocal inhibition?

When the agonist muscles contract, the antagonist muscle must relax and lengthen

The distal interphalangeal joints within the fingers are an example of ______ joint?

Hinge joint

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic for which skeletal muscles are typically named?

Visual appearance (size, shape)

Anatomical location (where they are located, origin and insertion)

Function (Adductor, abductor, flexor, extensor, etc)

Really a combination of two or more of these features

Of the levers illustrated, select that which is best suited to increase speed and ROM?

C. third class lever

You are attempting to flex your elbow maximally. What strategy do your elbow flexors (EX: bicep brachii) use to increase the amount of muscle tension?

Shortening the resistance arm

Which statement about muscle origins and insertion is NOT CORRECT?

Origin: proximal part of the body, most stable

Insertion: distal part of the body, most mobile

You are lying prone on a table with your knees extended. What type of contraction is occurring at the hamstring as you lie still?

None or isometric

A ball-and-socket joint has _____ degrees of freedom, which a hinge joint has _____ degree of freedom

three, one

Muscles which work in cooperation with prime movers by relaxing and allowing movements are _____ muscles.

Antagonist

You are asked to determine what movement the concentric contraction of a certain muscle will cause. Which of the following is NOT one of the main considerations to bear in mind as you determine the potential movement?

???

In the image below, what is indicated by #2?

Summation

In the image below, what is indicated by #3?

Tetanus

Which of the following levers would be best to use to move a specific object if your objective was to increase mechanical advantage?

2nd class

Which of the following does NOT provide static stability to a diarthrodial joint?

Static stability:

Bony architecture

Cartilaginous structure

Ligamentous and connective tissue laxity

Muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility provides ______ stability to a diarthrodial joint

Dynamic

How much force is required to balance 10 newtons of resistance, given a force arm of 5 cm and a resistance arm of 10cm?

20

Which of the following is an example of a biarticular muscle?

A. Bicep brachii

Bony articulations that allow very slight movements are classified as?

Amphiarthrodial joint

Which of the following statement best describes the resistance arm?

Distance between axis and point of resistance

Which of the following statements best describes the fulcrum?

Axis of rotation

In the figure, what is the position of the left knee?

Extension

In the figure, what action is occurring at the right shoulder?

Adduction

A lever system with the point force application located between the fulcrum and the resistance is best designed for?

3rd class lever

Increases speed and range of motion

A lever system with the resistance between the fulcrum and the force is best designed for?

2nd class

Forced movement

You flex your right hip and extend your right knee to kick a ball. Those muscles of the core and hips which act to keep your pelvis fixed during the kick are acting as what?

Stabilizer Muscles (Fixators)

Calculate the mechanical advantage of a lever system, where the force is 6 newton, the force arm is 10 centimeters, the resistance is 2 newtons, and the resistance arm is 30 centimeters?

0.33

(resistance/force) or (force arm/resistance arm)

This type of muscle contraction produces force that is less than the resistance?

Eccentric

This type of muscle contraction results in a joint angle change in the direction of applied resistance?

Eccentric

In the scenario where a force is applied to the axle, then the advantage of the wheel and axle system is that _____?

Wheel turns a greater distance at greater speed

This type of stimulus sends action potentials to all of the motor units of particular muscle.

Maximal stimuli

When the same actions occur simultaneously at both joints of a biarticular muscle, the movement pattern may be advantageous because?

???

Which of the following terms refers to a cavity or depression?

Facet

Foramen (hole)

Fossa

Fovea

Meatus

Notch

Sinus

Sulcus

Which of the following terms refer to a cavity or depression?

Facet

Foramen (hole)

Fossa

Fovea

Meatus

Notch

Sinus

Sulcus

These muscles have shorter fibers arranged obliquely to the tendon:

Oblique/ pennate

Which of the following characteristics give the muscle "rectus abdominis" its name?

Type of fiber and location

Which of the following is a characteristic that gives the skeletal muscle "sternocleidomastoid" its name?

Location (origin and insertion)

Which of the following joints does NOT have motion in the sagittal plane?

Trochoid

(basically any joint that does not perform flexion/extension)

Which of the following muscle pulls on the ulna without rotation, making it the only pure flexor of the elbow joint?

Brachialis

A typical movement resulting from concentric contraction of this muscle is pronation of the forearm, especially while the elbow flexes.

Brachioradialis

The muscle originates on the anterior surface of the 3rd-5th ribs and inserts on the coracoid process of the scapula. What action does this muscle have?

Muscle: pectoralis minor

Action: protraction, downward rotation

This muscle originates on the surface of the upper 9 ribs and inserts on the medial border of the scapula. What action does this muscle have?

Muscle: serratus anterior

Action: protraction, upward rotation

Which of the following is not one of the three joints of the shoulder girdle?

Sternoclavicular

Acromioclavicular

Scapulothoracic

Why are muscles that are associated with the shoulder girdle called into action during extreme ranges of motion of the shoulder joint?

Their contraction moves the clavicle so its glenoid fossa remains in a position from which the humerus can move

The supraspinatus muscle is used:

Abduction (apart of the rotator cuffs)

provides dynamic stability during throwing

most injured rotator cuff muscle

Rotator cuff important for health of shoulder joint

What muscle originates on the distal supracondylar ridge of the humerus, inserts on the lateral surface of the distal radius, and can perform actions in 2 planes?

Brachioradialis

What muscle originates on the anterior distal humerus, inserts on the ulnar coronoid process, and has movement in a single place?

Brachialis

Which of the following is an action performed by the rhomboids when concentrically contracting?

Elevation

Downward rotation

Retraction

Abduction of the shoulder joint is described as?

Think of doing a jumping jack, take away from the body

Ppward lateral movement of humerus out to the side, away from the body, in the plane of the scapula

Adduction of the shoulder joint is described as?

Adding it back to the body

Downward movement of humerus medially toward the body from abduction, in the plane of the scapula

This muscle can provide elevation and weak retraction of the scapula:

Levator scapulae

Which of the following muscles contributes to flexion of the glenohumeral joint when concentrically contracting?

Pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, Anterior deltoid all contribute to flexion.

Which of the following muscles contributes to extension of the glenohumeral joint when concentrically contracting?

latissimus dorsi, Posterior deltoid, Teres major, subscapularis , Infraspinatus, Teres minor all do extension.

Which of the following is an antagonist of the latissimus dorsi?

Deltoid and trapezius muscle

Which of the following is an antagonist of the coracobrachialis?

The deltoid

(but can also be infraspinaous and Latissimus dorsi)

Which of the following is a muscle in the rotator cuff group?

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor

Which of the following bony landmark is located on the proximal end of the radius?

Head

Radial tuberosity

Which of the following bony landmarks is located on the distal end of the humerus?

Supracondyloid ridges

Olecranon fossa

Medial/lateral epicondyles

Capitulum

Trochlea

Which combination of muscles best describes those used to turn a doorknob clockwise and push the door open using your RIGHT hand and arm?

Biceps brachii, supinator, and brachioradialis

This muscles originates on the inferior scapula, inserts on the intertubercular groove of the humerus, and assists in extension of the humerus

Teres major

This muscle originates on the clavicle, ribs 1-6, and sternum, inserts on the intertubercular groove of the humerus, and functions during pushing type movements (push-ups, throwing, benchpress)

Pectoralis major

During full extension of the elbow, the _____ of the ulna is received by the _____ of the humerus

Olecranon process, olecranon fossa

Movements of the proximal radioulnar joint involve movements between?

Radial head against the ulna and the capitulum of humerus

Which of the following muscles produces shoulder girdle movements?

Any muscles apart of the shoulder girdle

Levator scapulae, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, trapezius, rhomboids, subclavius

Which of the following is a bony landmark located on the proximal humerus?

Head

Greater tubercle

Lesser tubercle

Intertubercle groove

The deltoid tuberosity is located?

On the humerus

Which of the following is NOT an action caused by the concentric contraction of the biceps brachii?

ANYTHING RELATING TO EXTENSION

Action at glenohumeral: weak flexor/abduction, horizontal adduction

Action at elbow (main function): flexion and supinator

Which of the following muscles antagonizes the levator scapulae?

Posterior deltoid

Which of the following is a primary action of the latissimus dorsi muscle at the glenohumeral joint?

Extension of the glenohumeral joint

Which of the following is a primary action of the trapezius muscle at the glenohumeral joint?

Upper fibers: elevation, upward rotation (weaker)

Middle fibers: Elevation, upward rotation, retraction (stronger)

Lower fibers: depression, retraction (weaker)

Together: pull upward and retract simultaneously.

During the lifting phase of a pull-up, elbow flexion is ______

concentric

During the lowering phase of a push-up, elbow flexion is _____

eccentric

Horizontal adduction of the glenohumeral joint is described as?

bring the arm horizontally towards the middle of the body

Diagonal adduction of the glenohumeral joint is described as?

Start from top and bringing it down diagonally

The concentric contraction of the muscle originating on the base of the skull and the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, and inserting on the clavicle and scapular spine would cause which action?

Muscle: trapezius

Upper fibers: upward rotation and elevation

Middler fibers: upward rotation, elevation, retraction

Lower fibers: depression, retraction

All: upward rotation, retraction

Which muscle is shown in the image below?

Deltoid

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

Arthrodial (plane) joint or Sellar (saddle joint)

Which of the pictures below is the best illustration of th emovement resulting from the concentric contraction anterior and pectoralis minor?

Serratus anterior + pectoralis minor = protraction

C

What action is shown in the image?

Pronation (pouring out the soup)

What muscle is shown in the figure below?

Pronator quadratus

What is the primary action of the muscle in the figure below?

Pronator quadratus

Pronation

Which of the following bony landmarks is located on the posterior surface of the scapula?

Acromion process

Glenoid fossa

Lateral border

Inferior angle

Medial border

Spine

Infraspinous fossa

Which of the following bony landmarks on the anterior surface of the scapula?

Subscapular fossa

Which of the following bony landmarks is located on the anterior superior surface of the scapula?

Coracoid process

What action at the shoulder joint is paired with depression of the shoulder girdle?

Extension

Shoulder girdle movement resulting in the inferior angle of the scapula moving laterally and superiorly is called?

Upward rotation

What muscle is shown in this figure?

Levator Scapulae

What frontal plane action is occurring at the glenohumeral joint of the figure's left side, assuming movement in the direction of the arrow?

Abduction