[LABORATORY TESTS] Urinalysis

Proverbs 16:3

● Sterile

● Pale yellow

● 4.5 - 8 (pH: generally ACIDIC)

● 1.002 - 1.030 (sp.gr.)

[URINALYSIS]

Normal urine should be_____ [4]

Pale yellow

[URINALYSIS]

Color of normal urine:

pH 4.5 - 8 (ACIDIC)

[URINALYSIS]

pH of normal urine:

1.002 - 1.030

[URINALYSIS]

Specific gravity of normal urine:

● Diabetes mellitus

● Necrosis

[URINALYSIS]

Conditions that increase the specific gravity of urine [2]

Diabetes Insipidus

[URINALYSIS]

Conditions that decrease the specific gravity of urine [1]

NEGATIVE

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

● Protein

● Glucose

● Blood

● Ketone

● Bile

● Nitrites

📌Mnemonic: “PGB” “KBN”

trace to 1 mg/dL

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

Urobilinogen

● Male → 0-2/hpf

● Female → 0-5/hpf

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

● Male → 0-3/hpf

● Female → 0-4/hpf

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

0-1 hyaline/lpf

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

Casts

Varies

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

Squamous epithelial cells

0-2 cells

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

Transitional epithelial cells

Occasional

[NORMAL FINDINGS]

Bacteria

● Renal disease

● Eclampsia

● Pre-eclampsia

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Protein [3]

Protein

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

● Renal disease

● Eclampsia

● Pre-eclampsia

● Hyperglycemia

● Renal glycosuria

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Glucose [2]

Glucose

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

● Hyperglycemia

● Renal glycosuria

Presence of bleeding in the UT

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Blood [1]

Blood

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Presence of bleeding in the UT

Diabetic ketoacidosis

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Ketone [1]

Ketone

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Liver dysfunction

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Bile [1]

Bile

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Liver dysfunction

● Liver disease

● Hemolytic anemia

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Urobilinogen [2]

Urobilinogen

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

● Liver disease

● Hemolytic anemia

Bacterial infection

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Nitrites

Bacterial infection

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Bacterial infection

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Squamous epithelial cells

Bacterial infection

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Bacteria

● Nitrites

● White Blood Cells (WBCs)

● Squamous epithelial cells

● Bacteria

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Bacterial infection [4]

● Blockages

● Stone

● Internal injuries

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) [3]

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

● Blockages

● Stone

● Internal injuries

Renal injuries

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Casts [1]

Casts

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Renal injuries

Disease process going on

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Transitional epithelial cells [1]

Transitional epithelial cells

[INDICATIONS OF ABNORMAL FINDINGS]

Disease process going on