Biology 300 Test

Objective Data

Data that is measurable and observable.

Peer-Review Process

Evaluation of scientific work by others.

Descriptive Study

Study that observes and describes characteristics.

Subjective Statement

Opinion-based statement lacking objective measurement.

Experimental Study

Study testing hypotheses through controlled experiments.

Reductionism

Analyzing complex systems by breaking them down.

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in molecular bonds.

Carbon Isotopes

Used to date ancient organic materials.

Carbon Bonds

Carbon forms four covalent bonds.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

Water's Thermal Conductivity

Water conducts heat away faster than air.

Tertiary Structure

Protein structure formed by folding and bonding.

RNA Characteristics

Single-stranded, produced in nucleus, contains uracil.

Plant Cell Organelles

Chloroplasts, mitochondria, and ribosomes are present.

Cytoskeleton Functions

Provides structure, aids transport, and cell division.

Prokaryotic Cells

Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Animal Cell Structures

Lacks cell walls, contains centrioles.

Smooth ER

Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells capable of becoming other types.

Oxygen Transport

O2 crosses membranes via diffusion.

Hypotonic Solution Effect

Animal cells burst in fresh water.

Active Transport

Requires ATP to move substances against gradients.

Signal Transduction

External signals trigger internal cellular responses.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport using protein channels.

Metabolism

Total of all chemical reactions in an organism.

Enzyme Function

Lowering activation energy to speed up reactions.

Inhibitor Action

Binds to enzymes to reduce activity.

Terminal Electron Acceptor

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

Fermentation Process

Anaerobic process producing energy without oxygen.

Electron Transport Chain

Pumps H+ ions to create a gradient.

Krebs Cycle CO2 Production

Releases two CO2 molecules per cycle turn.

Electron Harvesting

Occurs during glycolysis and Krebs cycle.

ATP Synthase Function

Produces ATP by utilizing proton gradient.

Sodium Symbol

Na, with atomic number 11 and charge +1.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Describes cell membrane structure and fluidity.

Endosymbiosis Theory

Explains evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

DNA Base Pairing

A pairs with T, C pairs with G.