US foreign policy

Treaty of Versailles

• proposed by Italy, US, Britain and france

• felt Germany should be punished

• gave up territory, restricted military, and paid reparations

washington disarment conference

• goal was to reduce naval forces and improve security in the Pacific Ocean region

• proposed major powers to destroy 66 warships and established a “naval holiday” 10 year period where no new large will be built

• first successful international conference for formal arms control and prevent costly naval arms race

Five-Power Naval Treaty

• strict limits on how many large warships countries could have

• US and Britain: 5

• Japan 3

• Italy and France 1.67

• Since Japan’s navy would be smaller U.S & Britain promised to stop building up their navy in western pacific

• loop hole —> no restrictions on small warships and aircrafts

Four Powers treaty

• Britain, France, U.S., Japan will respect each others pacific territory

• Cancels anglo-japanese alliance (if Japan went to war with the states, britain was obligated to aid Japan)

Nine-Power Treaty

• 5 naval powers place Belgium, China and the Netherlands

• promised to respect china’s borders and independence

• promised not to carve chine into colonies or spheres of influence

• upheld the open door policy that all nations had equal trading rights and opportunities

German War debts

• in debt $32b

• germany cant pay back debt

• hyperinflation resorted to printing vasts amt. of money to pay reparations

• reduced value of the German mark

Response to Germany War Debts

dawes plans and young plan

dawes plan

Germany received $2.5B loans to recover the economy → Germany paying war reparations to Allies →allies making war debt payments to U.S

young plan

reparations reduced and scheduled to be due in 58.5 years

Kellogg-Briand Pact

• outlawed war and aggression as an illegal tool to set national goals and settle disputes

• 64 nations signed

• relied on promises and good faith, lacking any real world enforcement to stop aggression

Japans attack on manchuria

• leaugue of nations condemns invasion —> Japan leaves league

• begins massive military build up

• goes against nine power treaty

Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine

• U.S. would not recognize any territorial acquistions that were achieved through force

• this angered China they saw it as a hypocrisy

• responded to condemning by attacking Shanghai

Good neighbor policy

• rise of fascism and imperial Japan —> need to unite western hemisphere

• FDR —> the good neighbor respects himself and the rights of others

• Policy of non-intervention and cooperation

Nye Commitee

investigated the charges about the needlessness of the ar and that wealthy businesses sought profit during war and bankers wanting war to protect their loans

U.S neutrality act

kept U.S out of war

• outlawed sale of goods and loans to nationals at war

• forbid Americans to sail on warring nation vessels

• “cash-carry basis”

italy’s attack on ethiopia

• first fascist state to to become an aggresor

• league of nations does nothing to protect allies (collective service was a sham)

• lack of action established precedent that encouraged other nations to invade (Germany and Japan)

Spanish Civil war

• hitler sends German weaponry to Franco to be tested for ar

• this was an opportunity to test tacticts that will be used in WW2

FDR quarantine speech

• global peace undermined by aggressor states

• isolation from world isn’t possible

• war is like a disease it must be quaratined

Panay incident

• japan bombed uss boat

• Japan apologized and promised no more attacks

• japan interpreted us tone as license for further aggression

anschluss

annexation of austria and germany

munich pact

Meeting between Hitler Neville Chamberlin and Duadlor

• policy of appeasement → willingness to surrender to an aggressors demands to avoid a war

• Hitler given sudeteland

• policy used to avoid war but Hitler continued aggressive tactics

German-Soviet non aggression pact

• Stalin and Hitler

• avoids two front war for hitler

• both nations plan to invade Poland and divide between them

Lend-Lease act

nations whos survival was vital to American security was sent warships to protect shipments

atlantic charter system

FDR and Churchill outlining goals for post-war world

war production board

mobilized the economy for war

office of research and development

to develop crucial wartime technologies like radar, proximity fuses, penicillin, and the atomic bomb (Manhattan Project)

nye commision

bankers and arms manufactureres pushed us to go to war

allied convoy system

trackig German u-boats and assisted British ships to Britain for protection

cost plus contracts

• Government agreed to pay a company whatever it cost to make a product plus a guaranteed percentage of the costs as profit 

battle of stalingrad

• hitler planned to take over oil reserves

• ended up being bloodiest attend in history ends hitler’s eastern advance