History final exam tri 1

Atlantic Slave Trade

The trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas, lasting from the 16th century until the 19th century.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement signed by Spain and Portugal dividing the New World territories between them.

West African Societies

Notable empires include Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.

Values of Native Americans

Emphasized equality and lacked the concept of land ownership.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Native Americans to acquire more land.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who gained free passage to North America by working for a number of years without pay.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America.

Headright System

A system granting 50 acres of land to anyone who settled in Virginia.

John Smith

An English explorer who played a key role in establishing Jamestown.

Mercantilism

An economic policy aimed at increasing wealth through trade by exporting more than importing.

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of relaxed enforcement of regulations in their colonies.

Proclamation of 1763

A law banning English colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Middle Passage

The sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the Americas.

13 Colonies

The original states including Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Virginia.

Navigation Acts

Laws enforcing trade restrictions on the colonies, requiring certain products to be shipped exclusively to England.

Lexington and Concord

The first battles of the Revolutionary War, marked by the encounter between British soldiers and colonial militia.

Intolerable Acts

A series of punitive laws passed by Britain in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party.

Stamp Act

Tax law from 1765 requiring taxes on printed goods.

Townshend Acts

A series of taxes imposed by the British Parliament on goods such as leads, glass, paint, and tea.

Boston Massacre

An incident in 1770 where British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists, killing five.

Continental Army

The official army of the colonies established by the Second Continental Congress, commanded by George Washington.

Battle of Trenton

An attack led by Washington on Christmas night, resulting in a surprise victory against Hessian forces.

Shay's Rebellion

An uprising in 1786 led by Daniel Shay that criticized the weak Articles of Confederation.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution during its ratification.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution who preferred more power for states.

French and Indian War

A war from 1754 to 1763 between England and France for control of the Ohio Valley.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, existing from 1781 to 1788 with significant weaknesses.

Great Compromise

An agreement providing for a bicameral legislature with equal representation in one house and representation based on population in the other.

Checks and Balances

A system ensuring that no branch of government becomes too powerful.

War of 1812

A conflict between the United States and England over trade and Native American alliances.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 acquisition of vast territory from France, doubling the size of the United States.

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

A political conflict over the balance of power between the federal government and states.

Alien and Sedition Acts

A set of laws from 1798 that restricted immigration and limited free speech.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief known for uniting Native American tribes against white settlers.

Marbury v. Madison

A landmark case establishing the principle of judicial review.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh U.S. President known for his controversial policies, including the Indian Removal Act.

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

Inventor of the cotton gin, which significantly boosted cotton production and slavery in the South.

Nationalism

A strong sense of pride in one's country.

The American System

An economic plan designed to strengthen and unify the nation, proposed by Henry Clay.

Industrial Revolution

A period marked by the growth of factory production and technological advancements.

Tariff of 1816

The first protective tariff in the U.S., aimed at protecting Northern industries.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement attempting to maintain a balance of power between slave and free states.

Trail of Tears

The forced removal of Cherokee Indians resulting in thousands of deaths during the journey.

Nullification

The right of a state to invalidate any federal law deemed unconstitutional.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

A slave revolt in Virginia that heightened fears of slave uprisings among whites.

Textile Factories

Factories that mass-produced fabric using machines.

Cult of Domesticity

A belief system that idealized women as self-sacrificing guardians of the home.

Temperance Movement

An organized effort to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption.

Abolition Movement

A movement aimed at ending slavery in the United States.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention, held in 1848, advocating for women's equality.

54 40 or fight

A slogan associated with President Polk's expansionist agenda in the Oregon Territory.

Canal and Railroad Development

Advancements in transportation infrastructure facilitating easier movement across the country.

Industrialization

The transition to a manufacturing economy characterized by factories and machinery.

James K. Polk

The 11th U.S. President associated with territorial expansion and the Mexican-American War.

Mexican War

A conflict driven by the U.S. annexation of Texas and territorial disputes with Mexico.

Texas Independence

The revolt by American settlers against Mexican control due to laws banning slavery.

Mormons migrated to Utah

A westward migration of Mormons seeking religious freedom under Brigham Young.

Gold Rush of 1849

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold.

Know-Nothings

A nativist political party opposed to immigrants, specifically Irish and Catholic.

Underground Railroad

A secret network aiding enslaved people in reaching freedom.

Dred Scott

A slave who sued for freedom after living in a free state, leading to a controversial Supreme Court ruling.

Secession

The formal withdrawal of a state from the Union.

Wilmot Proviso

An unsuccessful amendment aiming to prohibit slavery in territories acquired from Mexico.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that brought awareness to the realities of slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Legislation that allowed new territories to decide the slavery issue via popular sovereignty.

Compromise of 1850

A package of five laws aimed at resolving territorial disputes over slavery.

Impact of Slavery

A significant legacy that led to racism, civil war, and economic hardship in the South.

Nativism

A policy favoring the interests of native inhabitants over those of immigrants.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Famous debates in 1858 focusing on the issue of slavery, pivotal for Lincoln's political rise.