History final exam tri 1

• Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.

• West African Societies

Ghana, Mali, Songhai

Values of Native Americans

Equality, no land ownership

• Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land

• Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

• Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America

• Headright System

50 acres were given to each person who came over to settle Viriginia.

• John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

• Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations wanted to increase their wealth and power by getting large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

• Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

• Proclamation of 1763

law forbidding English colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

• Middle Passage

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

• 13 Colonies

The original states : Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia.

• Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies.

Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England.

These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

• Lexington and Concord

First Battles of the Revolutionary War: April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)

• Intolerable Acts

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

• Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

• Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

• Boston Massacre (1770)

An incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed.

Historical Significance:

Boston's radicals used to incident to wage an Anti-British propaganda war.

• Continental Army

The official army of the colonies, created by second continental congress and led by George Washington

• Battle of Trenton

On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Delaware River. The next morning, they surprise attacked the British mercenaries which were Hessians.

• Shay's Rebellion (1786)

This MA conflict caused criticism of the Articles of Confederation; weak govt; increased calls for a Constitutional Convention to revise the Articles

Daniel Shay leads poor and starving soldiers against the government because they didn't get paid for revolutionary war. Some were pardoned and others were executed.

• Federalists

supporters of the Constitution

• Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the Constitution

• French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. Both sides were helped by Native people. The English won.

• Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

• Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

• Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

• War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

• Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

• Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton vs. Antifederalists, led by Thomas Jefferson.

The debate between the two concerned the power of the central government versus that of the states, with the Federalists favoring the government and the Antifederalists advocating states' rights.

Their differences helped to give rise to political parties.

• Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Contains four parts: 1) Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years.

2) Alien Act - Gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country.

3) Alien Enemies Act - permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to. (No arrests made under the Alien Act or the Alien Enemies Act.)

4) The Sedition Act - Key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. Was to remain in effect until the next Presidential inauguration.

• Tecumseh

a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)

• Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.

• Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

• Indian Removal Act and Trail of Tears. He's the worst.

• Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney was the inventor of the cotton gin and the first to use the system of interchangeable parts.

Cotton gin cleaned cotton of its seed.

It secured slavery to the south.

• Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

• The American System, 1815

Policies devised by the Whig Party and leading politician Henry Clay: national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements

• Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

• Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

• Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

• Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory.

More than 4, 000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

• Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

• Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings.

Historical Significance:

Led to new legislation making it unlawful to teach enslaved people, free Blacks, or mulattoes to read or write.

• Textile Factories

Factories that used machines to produce large quantities of goods such as fabric

• Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

• Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

• Abolition Movement

movement to end slavery in the United States

• Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history.

At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

• 54 40 or fight

Polk called for expansion that included Texas, California, and the entire Oregon territory.

The northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes.

"Fifty-four forty or fight!" was the popular slogan that led Polk to victory against all odds.

• Canal and Railroad Development

Industrialization of Transportation

It became easier to move around the country.

• Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

• James K. Polk (1845-1849)

Democratic

Domestic Affairs:

Walker Tariff bill lowered rates

Independent Treasury 1846

Wilmot Proviso

Annexation of Texas

Gold in California

Foreign Affairs:

Oregon "54°40' or Fight." -secured to 49th

Mexican American War -see war chart

Treaty of New Grenada (trading in Panama)

Slidell Mission

• Mexican War (1846-1848)

Conflict between the US and Mexico that after the US annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own; US troops fought primarily on foreign soil; covered by mass-circulation newspapers; Whigs opposed

• Texas Independence

American slave owners revolted against the Mexican government when they banned slavery. This created disputes over the land's ownership.

• Mormons migrated to Utah, 1847-48

The Mormons (founded by their profit Joseph Smith) were persecuted so they migrated west along the Oregon Trail.

Led by Brigham Young after Smith's death, the Mormons created a large settlement near the Great Salt Lake, which is now Utah.

Utah has a large Mormon population today, and Mormonism is one of the world's fastest growing religions.

• Gold Rush of 1849

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

• Know-Nothings

the American Party; anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic

• Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by freedom seeking enslaved people to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

• Dred Scott

United States slave who sued for liberty after living in a non-slave state

He was denied rights as a person, and was considered a slave no matter what.

• Secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation

• Wilmot Proviso (1846)

Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery.

• Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that made accessible the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

- Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.

• Compromise of 1850

Includes California admitted as a free state,
the Fugitive Slave Act,
Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

• Impact of Slavery

racism; antislavery societies; civil war; southern poverty (after the war)

• Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

• Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate,
-Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery,
-Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories,
-Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate