AP Psychology Personality Review

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63 Terms

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Psychoanalytic
perspective developed by freud, which assumes that psychological problems are the result of anxiety resulting from unresolved conflicts and forces of which a person might be unaware
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Psychodyamic
focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior
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Humanistic
How we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment
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Trait Theory
A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions
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social cognitive
referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world
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Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
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Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order
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Karen Horney
1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends
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Carl Jung
1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation
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Carl Rogers
1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person
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Abraham Maslow
Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"
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Albert Bandura
pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play
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Gordon Allport
1897-1967; Field: trait theory of personality; Contributions: list of 11,000 traits, 3 levels of traits-cardinal, central, and secondary
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Collectivism/Interdependence
giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
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individualism/independence
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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Dunning-Kruger Effect
The tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability.
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secure self-esteem
less fragile, less contingent on external evaluations, and more likely to achieve a greater quality of life
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reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
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spotlight effect
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
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pessimistic explanatory style
Accounting for negative events or situations with internal, stable, and global explanations
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narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
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Extraversion
A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive
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Introversion
dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation
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self-perception
when we use our own behavior as a guide to help us determine our own thoughts and feelings
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low self-esteem
Discounting positive information and assuming the worst about self, situation, and the future- cause negativity toward others
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high self esteem
more apt to handle failure better, emphasize the positive and to take more risks
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self-serving bias
the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
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Electra complex
Conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
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Oedipus complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
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possible selves
representations of what we could become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid of becoming
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social cognition theory
predicts our future behavior based on past experiences and ways of acting
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biopsychosocial theory
the theory that the interaction of biological, psychological, and cultural factors influences the intensity and duration of pain
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walter mischel
Believes human behaviour is largely determined by the situation rather than traits
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person-situation controversy
the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors
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yes
do personality traits remain relatively stable over time
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fixation
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
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free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
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factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
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Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
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repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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Rationalization
defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
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reaction formation
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
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projection
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
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Regression
psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
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Displacement
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
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identification
bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
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Sublimation
replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behavior
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unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
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Preconscious
in Freud's theory, the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are readily retrieveable to consciousness
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Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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TAT projective test
a projective test in which subjects look at and tell a story about ambiguous pictures
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MMPI
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types
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ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
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Id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives.
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Superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
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oral, anal, phallic, latency, gential
Freud's psychosexual stages
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latent content of dreams
According to Freud, the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects
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reality principle
tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet
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collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
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terror management theory
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
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self-actualization
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
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eyesnck trait continuum theory
biological predispositions and socialization during childhood creates our personality