Unit 4 APHG Vocab

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100 Terms

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ethnic separatism
The advocacy of full political separation (or secession) from the larger group along cultural, ethnic, tribal, or governmental lines
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ethnic cleansing
A purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas. ex: Holocaust
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Terrorism
organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets that is intended to create fear in furtherance of political aims
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Irredentism
a movement to unite people who share a language or other cultural elements but are divided by a national boundary
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autonomous regions
regions that have their own local and legislative bodies to govern a region with a population that is an ethnic minority within the entire country
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subnationalism
people who have a primary allegiance to a traditional group or ethnicity
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balkanization
the fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile, units along ethno-linguistic lines
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globalization
the integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a worldwide scale
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supernationalism
practice of multiple countries forming an organization for the benefit of all members
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United Nations (UN)
an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved
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European Union (EU)
the world's largest common market, composed of 28 European nations
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United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)
Free-trade agreement among the United States, Mexico, and Canada that replaced NAFTA in an effort to create more balanced and reciprocal trade.
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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
a trade alliance that promotes trade and economic integration among member nations in Southeast Asia
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Arctic Council
multilateral organization composed of representatives
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from the eight circumpolar states and six indigenous organizations.
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African Union
organization formed in 2002 to promote unity among African states and to foster development and end poverty
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World Trade Organization (WTO)
a permanent global institution to promote international trade and to settle international trade disputes
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OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
coordinates and unify the petroleum policies of its Member Countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers
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transnational corporations
companies that conduct business on a global scale
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democratization
the transition from autocratic to more representative forms of politics
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time-space compression
the social and psychological effects of faster movement of information over space in a shorter period of time
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centrifugal forces
divide the citizenry in a country
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centripetal forces
unite a country's population
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regionalism
loyalty to a distinct region is more valuable and important than the loyalty to the entire country
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ethnonationalism
support for the political interests of a particular ethnic group, especially its national independence or self-determination.
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nationalism
strong feelings of patriotism and loyalty one feels towards one's country
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state
largest political unit, formal term for a country.
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sovereignty
power of a political unit, or government, to rule over its own affairs
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nation
group of people who have certain things in common, this is not a political
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nation-state
nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state
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multinational state
country that contains more than one nation
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autonomous region
a defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state
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semi-autonomous region
A state that has a degree of, but not complete self-rule
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stateless nation
A cultural group that has no independent political entity
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multistate nation
a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states
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centripetal forces
force that helps to unify people within a country
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centrifugal forces
forces that tend to divide people, break states apart, or even prevent states from forming
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Imperialism
variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance
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colonialism
a type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country
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berlin conference
also known as the Congo Conference, in which representatives from the major empires in Europe met in Berlin to lay out land claims on Africa
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decolonization
the undoing of colonialism, where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over dependent territories
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nationalism
a nation's desire to create and maintain a state of its own
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genocide
organized killing of an entire people
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cold war
period of diplomatic, political, and military rivalry between is United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S. v U.S.S.R.)
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satellite state
state dominated by another state politically and economically
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devolution
process in which one or more regions are given increased autonomy by the central political unit
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geopolitics
the study of the effects of geography on politics and relations among states
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Terriroriality
a willingness by one person or a group of people to defend space they claim
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neocolonialism
new system of colonialism in which economic, political, or even cultural control was indirectly exerted over developing countries
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choke point
a place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction
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federal state
unites separate political entities into an overarching system that allows each entity to maintain some degree of sovereignty
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unitary state
most or all of the governing power is held by the national government
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annexation
process of legally adding territory to a city
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physical geographic boundaries
natural barriers between areas such as oceans, deserts, and mountains
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cultural boundaries
Divide people according to some cultural division, such as language, religion, or ethnicity
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antecedent boundary
a boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area
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subsequent boundary
a boundary created while the cultural landscape is evolving and is subject to change over tiem
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ethnographic
related to cultural phenomena
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superimposed boundary
boundary drawn by a greater outside power and may have ignored existing cultural patterns
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landlocked states
a state that does not have direct connection to an ocean
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relic boundary
A boundary no longer observed but that still affects the present-day area (e.g. border between West and East Germany in Berlin)
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geometric boundary
a straight line or arc drawn by people that does not closely follow any physical feature
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consequent boundary
A subsequent boundary that is created to accommodate a region's cultural diversity.
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cultural consequent boundary
a border that is drawn taking into account language, ethnicity, religion, or other cultural traits
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physical consequent boundary
a division that uses already-existing natural features that divide a territory such as rivers, deserts, or mountains
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open boundary
unguarded and people can cross it easily, with little or no political intervention
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militarized boundary
A boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing and movement.
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defined boundary
boundary that is established by a legal document, like a treaty, that divides one entity from another. these are usually invisible
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delimited boundary
A boundary drawn on a map by a cartographer to show limits of a space
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demarcated boundary
boundary identified by physical objects placed on the landscape, like a fence or a wall
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definitional boundary dispute
occurs when 2+ parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that define a boundary
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locational boundary dispute
boundary disputes that center on where a boundary should be and how it should be mapped
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irredentism
type of expansionism when one country seeks to annex territory where it has cultural ties to part of the population or historical claims to the land
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operational boundary dispute
also known as a functional dispute, this type of boundary dispute centers not on where a boundary is but rather how it functions.
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allocational boundary dispute
also known as a resource dispute, this type of boundary dispute occurs when a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both states/countries
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administered boundary
a border that is actively managed, protected, and administered by a sovereign government
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controlled borders
boundaries that have checkpoints where a passport or visa are required to enter the country
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exclaves
Territories that are part of a state, yet geographically separated from the main state by one or more countries. ex: Hawaii & Alaska
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political enclaves
states, territories, or parts of a state or territory that are completely surrounded by the territory of another state. ex: Lesotho, San Marino, The Vatican City
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shatterbelt
a place located between two very different and contentious regions
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UNCLOS
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones.
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territorial seas
area extending up to 12 nautical miles from coast in which a state has sovereignty (including exclusive fishing rights.)
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contiguous zone
Coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles, where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation
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exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage up to 200 nautical miles
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high seas
water beyond the EEZ is open to all states
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Small Island Developing States (SIDS)
52 small islands that share similar sustainable development challenges, especially climate change and sea-level rise. ex: Tuvalu, Fiji, Kirbati
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internal boundaries
boundaries that divide the interiors of a country into sections
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electoral geography
using spatial thinking techniques and tools to analyze elections and voting patterns
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voting districts
Internal boundaries that divide a country's electorate into subnational regions
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electorate
the people eligible to vote
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census
A complete enumeration/count of a population.
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reapportionment
changing the number of representatives granted each state so it reflects the state's population
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redistricting
redraw district boundaries so that each district contains roughly the same number of people
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gerrymandering
the drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party or group in power to extend or increase their advantageous power
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cracking
dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority
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packing
combining like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts
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stacking
diluting a minority populated district with majority populations
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hijacking
redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other
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kidnapping
moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support