RBT COHORT '24

ABA

Applied Behavior Analysis

ABC's

1. antecedent

2. behavior

3. consequence

Positive Reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food

Negative Reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Positive Punishment

add something unpleasant, I.E more work

Antecedent

happens before behavior occurs

Behavior

the action or response

Consequence

the result of an action

SEAT

1. Sensory

2. Escape

3. Attention

4. Tangible

Sensory stimulation

internal actions, its automatic, repetitive movement or vocals

Escape

avoiding something, to

Social attention

seeking attention from others, peers, adult to be noticed

Tangible

engaging in behaviors to gain access of a desired item

What occurs before a behavior?

antecedent

This consequence increases the future likelihood of behavior?

reinforcement

RBT hears a child say "cuh" for a cookie by giving a child a cookie, what form of technique is this?

shaping

Generalization

behaviors or skills applied beyond just "training" (2 stimuli same behavior)

Maintenance

long term skills, maintaining the skill acquired

Forward Chaining

steps in sequential order

Backward Chaining

teaching last-first, once the learner shows competence, the teacher will slowly emit the final steps little by little until learner can independently complete the entire chain

Total Task Chaining

All the steps are trained in a learning trial

Task Analysis (TA)

the process of identifying and analyzing tasks to be trained for

Chaining

using operant conditioning to teach a complex response by linking together less complex skills

Components of DTT

SD, prompt, response, reinforcement, inter-trial interval

Stimulus Control

situation, cue, prompt, leading to someone to respond a certain way

Stimulus Control Transfer

A procedure used to teach independence by transferring stimulus from a prompt to something natural in the environment

Full Verbal Prompt

detailed instructions verbally

Partial Verbal Prompt

a hint, or portion

Indirect Verbal Prompt

a cue, what comes next?

Prompt Fading

The gradual process of elimination, until they can do it alone

Full Physical Prompt

hand over hand, physically guide the client

Partial Physical

tapping or elbow touching

Mass Trials

repetitive trials in a row

Token Economy

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Natrualistic Teaching

learning through everyday activities

Prompts can be

verbal: instructions or cue

physical: guiding to preform action

modeling: to imitate

positional: adjusting to the environment

Fixed Ratio (FR)

reinforcement is provided after a number of responses

*****=5 mins of recess

Variable Ratio (VR)

after average of a certain number of responses

"gamble"

Fixed Interval (FI)

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (after time)

Variable Interval (VI)

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

produces slow steady responding

like pop quiz

Ratio

# of responses

Interval

time or space between two events

duration

Conditioned Reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

(I.E working-money)

Schedules of Reinforcement

specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)

a reinforcer follows each response

Intermittent Schedules Reinforcement (INT)

some, but not all, occurrences of the behavior are reinforced

Negative Punishment

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

Operant Conditioning

Learning based on the consequences of responding

Reinforcement

increased behavior

Punishment

decreases behavior

Negative

something is removed

Positive

something is added

SD

discriminative stimulus, an antecedent

"fun"

S-Delta (S∆)

does not lead to a reinforcer

"not fun, stops"

Satiation (AO)

Decreases effectiveness of a reinforcer like food.

(Abolishing Operation)

Deprivation (EO)

Increases effectiveness of a reinforcer like water.

(Establishing Operation)

Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR)

providing rewards or attention at scheduled times regardless of persons behavior

Functional Communication Training (FCT)

An appropriate form of communication is taught to replace problem

Mand

request, verbal or nonverbal

Premack Principle

First, then

Behavioral Momentum

keeping the momentum of work

(i.e easy, easy, hard, easy)

Extinction

ignoring the behavior, it gradually stops, no response or attention

Extinction Bursts

temporary increase in the behavior frequency

Spontaneous Recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Resistance to Extinction

persistence of a target bx OVER TIME, even when no reinforcement is given

-continues at a similar or lower rate than before

STAND YOUR GROUND

Differential Reinforcement

Process that consist of reinforcement and extinction that may result in either differentiation or discrimination.

Extinction Procedure

1. antecedent

2. replace behavior

3. consequence behavior

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

and what is its goal?

Encouraging the behavior that makes it impassible to do the unwanted behavior

i.e shout -> hum

GOAL: to substitute behavior

Differential Reinforcement Alternative behavior (DRA)

and what is its goal?

reinforcing appropriate behavior and focusing on alternate behaviors

GOAL: increasing behavior

Differential Reinforcement of Other behavior (DRO)

and what is its goal?

encouraging behavior that isnt the problem

GOAL: eliminate the behavior

Differential Reinforcement of Low rates (DRL)

and what is its goal?

reduces behavior to acceptable level by focusing on reducing number of occurrences

GOAL: reduce behavior

Differential Reinforcement of High rates (DRH)

and what is its goal?

increases the frequency of a desired behavior with reinforcement

GOAL: increase behavior

5 continuous measures

1. frequency

2. rate

3. inter-response time

4. duration

5. latency

Frequency

how often the behavior occurs

low-medium rate

clear beginning to clear end

rate

how often a behavior occurs in a time period

X / X = ______

Duration

length of time something lasts

Inter-response time (IRT)

The time between two successive responses

Latency

how long it takes for a behavior to start after prompt is given

Discontinuous measurement

dividing an observation into intervals

"how often"

Whole Interval

A procedure that can be used to measure a continuous behavior

UNDERESTIMATES - ENTIRE

advantage/disadvantage of whole interval

advantage: once the behavior has begun you no longer need to record

disadvantage: it underestimates , since it it takes the behavior as a whole

Partial Interval

recording the target behavior if it occurs during any part

it often OVERESTIMATES

Momentary Time Sampling (MTS)

gives the least amount of information, used for a general understanding of behaviors that occur in a given time frame

Permanent Product Recording

tangible outcomes rather than time observations

i.e toileting

Trend

a pattern of change over time

consistency

Environment

the surroundings that impact a behavior

Measurable Terms

refers to defining behavior in a way that it can be counted or timed

"three times a day"

Preferance Assessment

an assessment for potential reinforcers

3 types of potential reinforcers are:

1. ask

2. free operant (naturalistic, client free access)

3. trial based (forced choice, i.e single stim, paired stim, multiple stim 3 OR MORE)

Multiple stimulus with replacement

Client picks a preferred item which then gets placed back in the array of items as they choose the next preferred item

Multiple stimulus without replacement

The chosen item is removed from the array, the order or placement of the remaining items is rearranged & the next trial begins.

Analog assessment

intervention in a controlled environment

functional assessment

figuring out why client is doing the behavior by looking at situations or events right before the behavior

Echoic

repeating what was heard, auditory -verbal

tact

a label

i.e picture of apple, says apple

Intraverbal

an exchange or conversation

T.I.M.E

1. tact

2. intraverbal

3. mand

4. echoic verbal

Unconditioned Reinforcement

unlearned, a natural behavior prior to learning

Errorless

not allowing client to make mistakes

S.O.A.P

1. Subjective

2. Objective

3. Assessment

4. Plan